volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A high-impedance ground plane has been proposed that enables the reflection of magnetic fields within a frequency range of interest. When being combined with loop coil antennas or H-field-oriented structures, it can boost transmission efficiency by up to 3 dB. Although several approaches, such as mushroom-shaped protuberant surfaces paired with capacitive loading, have been described to suppress surface waves at certain frequency ranges, the shift to a desired frequency range (e.g., from 5 GHz to 1 GHz) is marginal, and their form factors make these methods less ideal for applications in power and data communication. Here, we describe new strategies for a low-profile high-impedance ground plane. The insertion of a metal ground plane between the top and bottom mushroom-shaped surfaces reinforces capacitive couplings between adjacent unit cells. When coupled with extended spiral paths, this configuration leads to an apparent change in the resonant frequency of the structure. Fabrication of the proposed structure demonstrates that the sandwiched metal ground plane, paired with extended spiral paths, leads to a noticeable shift in the resonant frequency toward lower sub-GHz ranges at given dimensions. Measurements are in good agreement with the results from the analytical model.

1. Sievenpiper, D., Lijun Zhang, R. F. J. Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, No. 11, 2059-2074, 1999.

2. Broas, R. F. J., D. F. Sievenpiper, and E. Yablonovitch, "A high-impedance ground plane applied to a cellphone handset geometry," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 49, No. 7, 1262-1265, 2001.

3. Durgun, Ahmet Cemal, Constantine A. Balanis, Craig R. Birtcher, Hai Huang, and Hongyu Yu, "High-impedance surfaces with periodically perforated ground planes," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 9, 4510-4517, 2014.

4. Gu, Minyu, Daniel Vorobiev, Woo Seok Kim, Hung-Ta Chien, Hyun-Myung Woo, Sungcheol Hong, and Sung Il Park, "A novel approach using an inductive loading to lower the resonant frequency of a mushroom-shaped high impedance surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 90, 19-26, 2020.

5. Sievenpiper, D., "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces," Dept. Elect. Eng., Univ. California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1999.

6. Mohan, S. S., M. del Mar Hershenson, S. P. Boyd, and T. H. Lee, "Simple accurate expressions for planar spiral inductances," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1419-1424, 1999.

7. Hong, Sungcheol, Woo Seok Kim, and Sung Il Park, "Design of an inductive spiral-loop loaded unit cell in a mushroom-shaped high impedance surface for sub-GHz applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 100, 1-11, 2020.

8. Gupta, Akash Kumar, Harish Chandra Mohanta, P. Satish Rama Chowdary, M. Vamshi Krishna, and Heba G. Mohamed, "Design and analysis of fractal-shaped high-impedance surface unit cell characteristics," Fractal and Fractional, Vol. 7, No. 6, 472, 2023.

9. Clavijo, S., R. E. Diaz, and W. E. McKinzie, "Design methodology for Sievenpiper high-impedance surfaces: An artificial magnetic conductor for positive gain electrically small antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 10, 2678-2690, 2003.

10. Park, Sung Il, "Enhancement of wireless power transmission into biological tissues using a high surface impedance ground plane," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 135, 123-136, 2012.

11. Woo, Hyun-Myung, Woo Seok Kim, Sungcheol Hong, Vivekanand Jeevakumar, Clay M. Smithhart, Theodore J. Price, Byung-Jun Yoon, and Sung Il Park, "Machine learning enabled adaptive wireless power transmission system for neuroscience study," 2020 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 808-812, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 2020.

12. Kim, Woo Seok, Sungcheol Hong, Milenka Gamero, Vivekanand Jeevakumar, Clay M. Smithhart, Theodore J. Price, Richard D. Palmiter, Carlos Campos, and Sung Il Park, "Organ-specific, multimodal, wireless optoelectronics for high-throughput phenotyping of peripheral neural pathways," Nature Communications, Vol. 12, No. 1, 157, 2021.

13. Mickle, Aaron D., Sang Min Won, Kyung Nim Noh, Jangyeol Yoon, Kathleen W. Meacham, Yeguang Xue, Lisa A. McIlvried, Bryan A. Copits, Vijay K. Samineni, Kaitlyn E. Crawford, et al., "A wireless closed-loop system for optogenetic peripheral neuromodulation," Nature, Vol. 565, No. 7739, 361-365, 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0823-6

14. Kim, Woo Seok, M. Ibrahim Khot, Hyun-Myung Woo, Sungcheol Hong, Dong-Hyun Baek, Thomas Maisey, Brandon Daniels, P. Louise Coletta, Byung-Jun Yoon, David G. Jayne, et al., "AI-enabled, implantable, multichannel wireless telemetry for photodynamic therapy," Nature Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2178, 2022.

15. Kaipa, Chandra S. R., Alexander B. Yakovlev, Stanislav I. Maslovski, and Màrio G. Silveirinha, "Mushroom-type high-impedance surface with loaded vias: Homogenization model and ultra-thin design," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 10, 1503-1506, 2011.

16. Costa, Filippo, Simone Genovesi, and Agostino Monorchio, "On the bandwidth of high-impedance frequency selective surfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 1341-1344, 2009.

17. Vallecchi, Andrea, Javier R. De Luis, Filippo Capolino, and Franco De Flaviis, "Low profile fully planar folded dipole antenna on a high impedance surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 1, 51-62, 2012.

18. Shoute, Gem and Douglas W. Barlage, "Fractal loop inductors," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 51, No. 6, 1-8, 2015.

19. Hussain, Iftikhar and Dong-Kyun Woo, "Simplified mutual inductance calculation of planar spiral coil for wireless power applications," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1537, 2022.
doi:10.3390/s22041537

20. Yang, Xiao-Jun, Abdulrahman Ali Alsolami, and Ahmed Refaie Ali, "An even entire function of order one is a special solution for a classical wave equation in one-dimensional space," Thermal Science, Vol. 27, No. 1B, 491-495, 2023.
doi:10.2298/TSCI221111008Y

21. Ali, Ahmed Refaie, Harun Or Roshid, Shariful Islam, and Asma Khatun, "Analyzing bifurcation, stability, and wave solutions in nonlinear telecommunications models using transmission lines, Hamiltonian and Jacobian techniques," Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1, 15282, 2024.

22. Ali, Ahmed Refaie, Md. Nur Alam, and Mst. Wahida Parven, "Unveiling optical soliton solutions and bifurcation analysis in the space-time fractional Fokas-Lenells equation via SSE approach," Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2000, 2024.

23. Islam, Shariful, Bishnupada Halder, and Ahmed Refaie Ali, "Optical and rogue type soliton solutions of the (2+1) dimensional nonlinear Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chains equation," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 9906, 2023.

24. Khan, Mahbub Hassan, Shariful Islam, and A. Refaie Ali, "Certain results associated with lump and periodic-soliton solutions for (2+1)-D Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff equation," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistical Analysis, Vol. 4, No. 2, 43-57, 2023.

25. Khan, Mustafa, Faisal Mahmood, Mujahid Ali, Yong Wang, Ahmed Refaie Ali, and Afraz Hussain Majeed, "Synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon scaffold derived from red kidney bean peels for advanced Li-Se and Na-Se batteries," Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1, 17749, 2024.

Mr. Guoyan Wang

Dr. Hans Park

Dr. Sung Il Park