Vol. 156
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 157 [2025] PIERC 156 [2025] PIERC 155 [2025] PIERC 154 [2025] PIERC 153 [2025] PIERC 152 [2025] PIERC 151 [2025] PIERC 150 [2024] PIERC 149 [2024] PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2025-06-03
Bernoulli Filter for Low-Grazing Angle Track-Before-Detect with Monopulse Radar
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 156, 121-130, 2025
Abstract
Target tracking in a low-grazing angle scenario is a challenging problem in radar because of the multipath phenomenon. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, this problem becomes more difficult. This paper applies a Bernoulli filter for low-grazing angle track-before-detect with monopulse radar. A measurement model is established using the Swerling II radar target model. The filter is implemented approximately as a particle filter. Simulation results show that the proposed filter is effective at detection and tracking in a multipath scenario and under low SNR.
Citation
Fei Cai, "Bernoulli Filter for Low-Grazing Angle Track-Before-Detect with Monopulse Radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 156, 121-130, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERC25040201
References

1. Sen, Satyabrata and Arye Nehorai, "OFDM MIMO radar with mutual-information waveform design for low-grazing angle tracking," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 58, No. 6, 3152-3162, 2010.

2. Zhang, Haowei, Junkun Yan, Weijian Liu, and Qun Zhang, "Array scheduling with power and bandwidth allocation for simultaneous multibeam tracking low-angle targets in a VHF-MIMO radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 59, No. 5, 5714-5730, 2023.

3. Sebt, Mohammad Ali, Mahdi Goodarzi, and Hossein Darvishi, "Geometric arithmetic mean method for low altitude target elevation angle tracking," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 59, No. 5, 5111-5119, 2023.

4. Blair, W. D. and M. Brandt-Pearce, "Unresolved Rayleigh target detection using monopulse measurements," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 34, No. 2, 543-552, 1998.

5. Glass, John D. and W. D. Blair, "Detection of unresolved Rayleigh targets using adjacent bins," 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference, 1-7, Big Sky, MT, USA, Mar. 2016.

6. Cai, Fei, "Unresolved Rayleigh targets detection for monopulse radar with knowledge of one target's DOA," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 60, No. 6, 9411-9417, Dec. 2024.

7. Cai, Fei and Hongqi Fan, "Detection of unresolved Rayleigh targets in monopulse radar with two angular dimensions," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2025.

8. Blair, W. D. and M. Brandt-Pearce, "Monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 37, No. 2, 452-469, Apr. 2001.

9. Wang, Zhen, A. Sinha, P. Willett, and Y. Bar-Shalom, "Angle estimation for two unresolved targets with monopulse radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 40, No. 3, 998-1019, 2004.

10. Zhang, Xin, P. K. Willett, and Y. Bar-Shalom, "Monopulse radar detection and localization of multiple unresolved targets via joint bin processing," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1225-1236, Apr. 2005.

11. Lee, Seung-Phil, Byung-Lae Cho, Sang-Min Lee, Ji-Eun Kim, and Young-Soo Kim, "Unambiguous angle estimation of unresolved targets in monopulse radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 51, No. 2, 1170-1177, Apr. 2015.

12. Wang, Shengbin Luo, Zhen-Hai Xu, Xiao Yang, Zhongren Li, and Guoyu Wang, "Efficient and unambiguous two-target resolution via subarray-based four-channel monopulse," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 68, 885-900, 2020.

13. Nandakumaran, N., A. Sinha, and T. Kirubarajan, "Joint detection and tracking of unresolved targets with monopulse radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1326-1341, 2008.

14. Isaac, Atef, Peter Willett, and Yaakov Bar-Shalom, "Quickest detection and tracking of spawning targets using monopulse radar channel signals," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1302-1308, 2008.

15. Huang, Qianlan, Hongqi Fan, Fei Cai, and Huaitie Xiao, "Joint estimation of unresolved leader-follower in the presence of dense false signals using monopulse radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 59, No. 6, 9635-9649, 2023.

16. Zoltowski, M. D. and T.-S. Lee, "Maximum likelihood based sensor array signal processing in the beamspace domain for low angle radar tracking," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 39, No. 3, 656-671, 1991.

17. Djeddou, M., A. Belouchrani, and S. Aouada, "Maximum likelihood angle-frequency estimation in partially known correlated noise for low-elevation targets," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 53, No. 8, 3057-3064, Aug. 2005.

18. Sherman, Samuel M., "Complex indicated angles applied to unresolved radar targets and multipath," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, 160-170, 1971.

19. Xu, Zhenhai, Ziyuan Xiong, Jiani Wu, and Shunping Xiao, "Symmetrical difference pattern monopulse for low-angle tracking with array radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2676-2684, 2016.

20. Shi, Xiaoran, Abdolreza Taheri, Tugba Çeçen, and Nurçin Çelik, "Particle filtering-based low-elevation target tracking with multipath interference over the ocean surface," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 56, No. 4, 3044-3054, 2020.

21. Wu, Peilun, Jiahui Chen, Shisheng Guo, Guolong Cui, Lingjiang Kong, and Xiaobo Yang, "NLOS positioning for building layout and target based on association and hypothesis method," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 61, 1-13, 2023.

22. Pham, Ba-Huy, Olivier Rabaste, Jonathan Bosse, Israel Hinostroza, and Thierry Chonavel, "``Around-the-Corner'' radar: Particle filters for non-line-of-sight target tracking in the presence of ambiguities," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1-15, 2024.

23. Barniv, Yair, "Dynamic programming solution for detecting dim moving targets," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1, 144-156, 1985.

24. Carlson, B. D., E. D. Evans, and S. L. Wilson, "Search radar detection and track with the Hough transform. I. System concept," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 30, No. 1, 102-108, 1994.

25. Rutten, M. G., B. Ristic, and N. J. Gordon, "A comparison of particle filters for recursive track-before-detect," 2005 7th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vol. 1, 7-pp, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Jul. 2005.

26. Salmond, D. J. and H. Birch, "A particle filter for track-before-detect," Proceedings of the 2001 American Control Conference (Cat. No.01CH37148), Vol. 5, 3755-3760, Arlington, VA, USA, 2001.

27. Rutten, M. G., N. J. Gordon, and S. Maskell, "Recursive track-before-detect with target amplitude fluctuations," IEE Proceedings --- Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 152, No. 5, 345-352, Oct. 2005.

28. Zheng, Shuyu, Dongsheng Li, Qingwei Yang, Yingjian Zhao, Libing Jiang, and Zhuang Wang, "A log-normal complex-amplitude likelihood ratio-based TBD method with soft orbit-information constraints for tracking space targets with space-based radar," IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems, Vol. 3, 467-482, 2025.

29. Streit, Roy L., Marcus L. Graham, and Michael J. Walsh, "Multitarget tracking of distributed targets using histogram-PMHT," Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 12, No. 2-3, 394-404, 2002.

30. Mahler, R., Statistical Multisource-Multitarget Information Fusion, Artech House, Boston, 2007.

31. Ristic, Branko, Ba-Tuong Vo, Ba-Ngu Vo, and Alfonso Farina, "A tutorial on Bernoulli filters: Theory, implementation and applications," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 61, No. 13, 3406-3430, Jul. 2013.

32. Wong, Shanhung, Ba Tuong Vo, and Francesco Papi, "Bernoulli forward-backward smoothing for track-before-detect," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 21, No. 6, 727-731, 2014.

33. Papi, F., V. Kyovtorov, R. Giuliani, F. Oliveri, and D. Tarchi, "Bernoulli filter for track-before-detect using MIMO radar," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 21, No. 9, 1145-1149, Sep. 2014.

34. Kim, Du Yong, Branko Ristic, Robin Guan, and Luke Rosenberg, "A Bernoulli track-before-detect filter for interacting targets in maritime radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1981-1991, 2021.

35. Ristic, Branko, Du Yong Kim, Luke Rosenberg, and Robin Guan, "Exploiting Doppler in Bernoulli track-before-detect for a scanning maritime radar," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 58, No. 1, 720-728, 2022.

36. Cai, Fei, "Monopulse radar track-before-detect using Bernoulli filter," IET Signal Processing, Vol. 16, No. 8, 1011-1021, Jul. 2022.

37. Üney, Murat, Paul Horridge, Bernard Mulgrew, and Simon Maskell, "Coherent long-time integration and Bayesian detection with Bernoulli track-before-detect," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 30, 239-243, 2023.

38. Li, X. Rong and V. P. Jilkov, "Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part I. Dynamic models," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1333-1364, 2003.

39. Richards, Mark A., Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2014.

40. Skolnik, M. I., Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Ed., Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.

41. Mosca, Edoardo, "Angle estimation in amplitude comparison monopulse systems," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, No. 2, 205-212, Mar. 1969.

42. Skolnik, M. I., Radar Handbook, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008.

43. Zhang, Xin, Peter Willett, and Yaakov Bar-Shalom, "Detection and localization of multiple unresolved extended targets via monopulse radar signal processing," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 45, No. 2, 455-472, Apr. 2009.