volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This study suggests a coin-sized (10 × 8 × 0.64 mm³) millimetre-wave antenna that simultaneously resonates at 28 GHz and 38 GHz and is supported by a machine-learning surrogate for near-instant impedance evaluation. Realised on Rogers 6010 LM laminate (ε_r = 10.2), the radiator maintains |S₁₁| ≤ -10 dB across 26.5-29.9 GHz and 37.2-39.7 GHz while providing peak gains of 3.8 dBi and 4.1 dBi in the lower and upper bands, respectively. A design-of-experiments sweep, comprising 330 full-wave simulations, generated the training corpus for a random-forest regression model. The surrogate predicts frequency-resolved |S₁₁| with a mean-absolute error below 0.7 dB and coefficients of determination of 0.93 at 28 GHz and 0.84 at 38 GHz. The evaluation time is reduced from approximately 155 s per full-wave electromagnetic simulation to 0.1 s per surrogate query, enabling real-time design exploration. Eight-fold cross-validation confirms model stability, while feature-importance analysis identifies the geometric parameters most influential to dual-band matching. The learning-guided workflow therefore offers a fast and reliable alternative to exhaustive simulation, accelerating the optimisation of compact mmWave antennas for instrumentation, sensing, and future front-end modules.

1. Rappaport, Theodore S., Shu Sun, Rimma Mayzus, Hang Zhao, Yaniv Azar, Kevin Wang, George N. Wong, Jocelyn K. Schulz, Mathew Samimi, and Felix Gutierrez, "Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: It will work!," IEEE Access, Vol. 1, 335-349, 2013.
doi:10.1109/access.2013.2260813 Google Scholar

2. Abdullah Al-Gburi, A. J., "5G MIMO antenna: Compact design at 28/38 GHz with metamaterial and SAR analysis for mobile phones," Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 2024, No. 4, 171-174, 2024.
doi:10.15199/48.2024.04.32 Google Scholar

3. Jemaludin, Nazrin Haziq, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, Rania Hamdy Elabd, Tale Saeidi, Muhammad Firdaus Akbar, Imran Mohd Ibrahim, and Zahriladha Zakaria, "A comprehensive review on MIMO antennas for 5G smartphones: Mutual coupling techniques, comparative studies, SAR analysis, and future directions," Results in Engineering, Vol. 23, 102712, Sep. 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102712 Google Scholar

4. Tiwari, Rakesh N., O. Sevankith Sai, Deepti Sharma, M. Shiva Kumar, Prabhakar Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Chittor Sreemanya, and S. Rajasekaran, "A low-profile dual-band millimeter wave patch antenna for high-speed wearable and biomedical applications," Results in Engineering, Vol. 24, 103212, Dec. 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103212 Google Scholar

5. Ullah, Hidayat, Hattan F. Abutarboush, Aamir Rashid, and Farooq A. Tahir, "A compact low-profile antenna for millimeter-wave 5G mobile phones," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 19, 3256, 2022.
doi:10.3390/electronics11193256 Google Scholar

6. Liang, Qiuyan, Hanieh Aliakbari, and Buon Kiong Lau, "Co-designed millimeter-wave and sub-6 GHz antenna for 5G smartphones," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 10, 1995-1999, Oct. 2022.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2022.3187782 Google Scholar

7. Oh, Jeongtaek, Byeongjin Kim, Sangrock Yoon, Kiseo Kim, Eun Jin Sung, and Jungsuek Oh, "High-gain millimeter-wave antenna-in-display using non-optical space for 5G smartphones," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 2, 1458-1468, Feb. 2023.
doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3228912 Google Scholar

8. Khabba, Asma, Sraddhanjali Mohapatra, Layla Wakrim, Fatima Ez-zaki, Saida Ibnyaich, and Abdelouhab Zeroual, "Multiband antenna design with high gain and robust spherical coverage using a new 3D phased array structure for 5G mobile phone mm-Wave applications," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Vol. 110, No. 2, 331-348, 2022.
doi:10.1007/s10470-021-01954-4 Google Scholar

9. Jain, Prince, Prabodh K. Sahoo, Aymen D. Khaleel, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Enhanced prediction of metamaterial antenna parameters using advanced machine learning regression models," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 146, 1-12, 2024.
doi:10.2528/pierc24060901 Google Scholar

10. Rana, Md․ Sohel, Sheikh Md․ Rabiul Islam, and Sanjukta Sarker, "Machine learning based on patch antenna design and optimization for 5G applications at 28 GHz," Results in Engineering, Vol. 24, 103366, 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103366 Google Scholar

11. Yadav, Sachin Kumar, Anupma Gupta, Vipan Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Garg, and Ahmed J. A. Al-Gburi, "Prediction of axial ratio using machine learning (ML) for a dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna (DRA)," Chinese Journal of Physics, Vol. 96, 1364-1384, 2025.
doi:10.1016/j.cjph.2025.07.008 Google Scholar

12. Ramasamy, Rajendran and Maria Anto Bennet, "An efficient antenna parameters estimation using machine learning algorithms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 130, 169-181, 2023.
doi:10.2528/pierc22121004 Google Scholar

13. Huang, Chung-Hao, Han-Hsiang Tsao, Chang-Chen Hsu, Amir Ali, and Sen-Yu Liao, "Antenna structure prediction and optimization based on machine learning and grid search," 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), 1-3, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, 2024.
doi:10.1109/iwem59914.2024.10649305

14. Jain, Rachit, R. Ramya, Vandana Vikas Thakare, and P. K. Singhal, "Design and analysis of antenna through machine learning for next-generation IoT system," Discover Internet of Things, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1-15, 2025.
doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00126-4 Google Scholar

15. Abdelhamid, Abdelaziz A. and Sultan R. Alotaibi, "Robust prediction of the bandwidth of metamaterial antenna using deep learning," Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2305-2321, 2022.
doi:10.32604/cmc.2022.025739 Google Scholar

16. Gajbhiye, Pradnya A., Satya P. Singh, and Madan Kumar Sharma, "A comprehensive review of AI and machine learning techniques in antenna design optimization and measurement," Discover Electronics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 46, 2025.
doi:10.1007/s44291-025-00084-9 Google Scholar

17. Koziel, Slawomir, Mehmet Ali Belen, Alper Çalişkan, and Peyman Mahouti, "Rapid design of 3D reflectarray antennas by inverse surrogate modeling and regularization," IEEE Access, Vol. 11, 24175-24184, 2023.
doi:10.1109/access.2023.3254204 Google Scholar

18. Koziel, Slawomir and Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska, "On nature-inspired design optimization of antenna structures using variable-resolution EM models," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 8373, 2023.
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35470-4 Google Scholar

19. Koziel, Slawomir, Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska, and Lukasz Golunski, "Globalized knowledge-based, simulation-driven antenna miniaturization using domain-confined surrogates and dimensionality reduction," Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 14, 8144, 2023.
doi:10.3390/app13148144 Google Scholar

20. Thakur, Ekta, Anupma Gupta, Muhannad K. Abdulhameed, Aymen D. Khaleel, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Microstrip antenna with two elements and defected ground structure for 5G mobile applications at 28/38 GHz," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 146, 177-185, 2024.
doi:10.2528/pierc24062403 Google Scholar

21. Gupta, Anupma, Vipan Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Garg, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Machine learning-based reflection coefficient and impedance prediction for a meandered slot patch antenna," Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 188, 109245, 2025.
doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2024.109245 Google Scholar

22. Singh, Om, Manjula R. Bharamagoudra, Harshit Gupta, Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, Pinku Ranjan, and Anand Sharma, "Microstrip line fed dielectric resonator antenna optimization using machine learning algorithms," Sādhanā, Vol. 47, No. 4, 226, 2022.
doi:10.1007/s12046-022-01989-x Google Scholar

23. Haque, Md. Ashraful, Nayan Sarker, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Md. Afzalur Rahman, Md. Nahid Hasan, Mirajul Islam, Mohd Azman Zakariya, Liton Chandra Paul, Adiba Haque Sharker, Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro, et al. "Dual band antenna design and prediction of resonance frequency using machine learning approaches," Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 20, 10505, 2022.
doi:10.3390/app122010505 Google Scholar

24. Jain, Rachit, Pinku Ranjan, P. K. Singhal, and Vandana Vikas Thakare, "Estimation of S11 values of patch antenna using various machine learning models," 2022 IEEE Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI), 1-4, Gwalior, India, 2022.
doi:10.1109/iatmsi56455.2022.10119256

Professor Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi