PIER C | PIER Journals

2026-03-31

PIER C

Vol. 168, 39-44, 2026

doi:10.2528/PIERC26012305

download: 17

Printed Compact Monopole with Multiband Operation for Wi-Fi 8, 5G NR79, and 6G Upper Mid-Band Applications

Saou-Wen Su and Guan-Lin Chen

A compact yet simple, printed monopole design targeted at providing multiband operation in the 2.4/5/6 GHz Wi-Fi 8 (2400-2484/5150-7125 MHz) bands and also the 5G new radio (NR79) (4.4-5.0 GHz) band and 6G upper mid-band in the 7.125-8.4 GHz range is demonstrated. The antenna is composed of longer and shorter radiating arms, as well as a matching stub that protrudes from the longer arm around the antenna port and extends toward the shorter arm. The two arms and the stub are all printed on a low-cost single-layer substrate. Four resonant modes of the antenna are excited, with the lower mode covering the 2.4 GHz band and the three upper modes forming a wide 7.4-dB return-loss bandwidth of about 4.3-8.6 GHz, covering the 5G NR79 band, 5/6 GHz Wi-Fi bands, and 6G upper mid-band. Additionally, the design can be fed by a commercially available coaxial cable, allowing the antenna to have considerable flexibility in installation within wireless devices.

Printed Compact Monopole with Multiband Operation for Wi-Fi 8, 5G NR79, and 6G Upper Mid-Band Applications

2026-03-30

PIER C

Vol. 168, 26-38, 2026

doi:10.2528/PIERC26011102

download: 25

A Low-Current Pulsed Electric Field Treatment System for Fruit Juices: Air-Gap Optimisation and Assessment of Microbial Inactivation

Thomas Mohan, Aswini Sivadas Choolangal, Noorul Haque Mohamed Noor, Krishnan Jagada Suja, Karakkat Mana Sunitha and Tharamel Vasu Suchithra

The use of electromagnetic fields to preserve food items by inactivating microorganisms is gaining increasing popularity. Among the different electromagnetic treatments used for fruit juice preservation, Pulsed Electric Field treatment is a prominent method. However, in the Pulsed Electric Field treatment chambers used today, the current flow and energy dissipation within the juice are very high. These high currents cause unwanted electrochemical reactions inside the juice and also raise its temperature. This work introduces a method to prevent these by reducing the current flow with the help of an air gap inside the Pulsed Electric Field treatment chamber. A mathematical model of the proposed system was created, and the reduced current values were calculated. Simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software were conducted to analyse the electric field distribution and the increase in juice temperature. The optimum value of air gap that can be provided inside the chamber without the risk of electrical breakdown was determined through simulations of electric field intensities and later confirmed through experiments. The effectiveness of the proposed system in inactivating microbes was assessed through microbiological experiments using Escherichia coli bacteria in watermelon juice. According to the experimental results, the proposed system successfully achieved bacterial inactivation with a low current value and without any measurable increase in juice temperature. To the best of our knowledge, there are very limited studies addressing the reduction of current flow within a Pulsed Electric Field treatment chamber through the incorporation of air gaps. In the future, this novel method for preserving fruit juices could prove highly beneficial to the food processing industry.

A Low-Current Pulsed Electric Field Treatment System for Fruit Juices: Air-Gap Optimisation and Assessment of Microbial Inactivation

2026-03-29

PIER C

Vol. 168, 21-25, 2026

doi:10.2528/PIERC25122802

download: 21

Microstrip Dual-Frequency Voltage Doubling Rectifier Circuit

Jia-Feng Zhou, Yu-Li Yang and Jiu-Sheng Li

We present a microstrip dual-frequency rectifier circuit, which includes a voltage-doubling rectifier circuit, a sector-shaped dual-frequency harmonic suppression network, and a Π-shaped dual-frequency impedance matching network. Four fan-shaped microstrip stubs were utilized to suppress the fundamental and higher-order harmonics in the two frequency bands. A microstrip line is employed to form a Π-shaped impedance matching network to achieve impedance matching in both frequency bands. The measured results show that at input power of 15 dBm, the rectification efficiencies are 50% and 43% at frequencies of 2.45 GHz and 5.80 GHz, respectively. This dual-frequency rectifier circuit can be applied to scenarios such as powering passive RFID tags and IoT sensors.

Microstrip Dual-frequency Voltage Doubling Rectifier Circuit

2026-03-28

PIER C

Vol. 168, 11-20, 2026

doi:10.2528/PIERC26010602

download: 53

Intelligent RF Signal Monitoring and Threat Detection

Chinmay Kumar, Gourav Kumar, Sehejdeep Singh, Vritant Sood and Naveen Jaglan

The problem of Radio Frequency (RF) jamming is a significant threat to any current wireless communication network, since a low-power source may seriously diminish or disrupt legitimate conditions of a transmission. Traditional methods of detection based generally on a fixed threshold or packet-level cues cannot be effectively sustained in the presence of adaptive and reactive jamming behavior as observed in real-world deployments. This paper introduces a system of RF signal monitoring and threat detection integrating frequency-domain feature extraction, supervised machine learning, and statistical signal characterization. Both time-domain (such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) metrics and spectral quantities calculated with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are being used to capture both temporary and persistent interference patterns. The hybrid ensemble approach in the form of Random Forest and XGBoost classifiers is implemented to achieve a balance among robustness, interpretability, and classification performance of various jammer types. Empirical testing with actual RF data demonstrates that the suggested method has an initial detection rate of 98 percent, and its performance does not degrade in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime. These findings imply that the combination of lightweight spectral analysis and ensemble learning is a feasible and scalable solution to real-time RF threat detection in dynamic wireless systems.

Intelligent RF Signal Monitoring and Threat Detection

2026-03-28

PIER C

Vol. 168, 1-10, 2026

doi:10.2528/PIERC26012006

download: 35

An Integrated Ray Tracing and Variable-Step Fourier Transform-Based Split-Step Parabolic Equation Modeling Approach for UAV-Assisted Channel Characterization in Mountainous Environments

Jihui Shi and Jian Song

To enhance communication performance in mountainous environments, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication systems have emerged as a mainstream solution. Channel modeling for UAV-assisted communication is a critical research focus, confronting prominent challenges, including balancing computational efficiency and modeling accuracy. This paper proposes a hybrid modeling approach that combines ray tracing (RT) and the variable-step Fourier transform-based Split-Step Parabolic Equation (V-FSSPE) to address the issue. The proposed method fully leverages the strengths of RT in accurately calculating direct, reflected, and diffracted propagation paths, as well as the advantages of V-FSSPE in efficiently modeling long-distance and large-scale areas. A hierarchical model suitable for low-altitude UAV communication is thereby established. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with traditional modeling methods, the proposed method in this study effectively balances accuracy and efficiency in terrain-dominated air-to-ground channels, making it suitable for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication and emergency communication network planning in terrain-dominated propagation environments. Since factors such as vegetation and atmospheric effects have not yet been incorporated, practical deployment requires case-specific corrections based on the actual environment. Nonetheless, this framework is expected to provide important theoretical references and foundational support for the design and optimization of communication systems in related fields.