volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this work, new ``extended gauge transformations'' involving current and fields are presented. The transformation of Maxwell's equations under these gauges leads to a massive boson field (photon) that is equivalent to Proca field. The charge conservation equation and Proca equations are invariant under the new extended gauge transformations. Maxwell's equations formulated with Lorenz gauge condition violated give rise to massive vector boson. The inclusion of London supercurrent in Maxwell's equations yields a massive scalar boson satisfying Klein-Gordon equation. It is found that in superconductivity Lorenz gauge condition is violated, and consequently massive spin-0 bosons are created. However, the charge conservation is restored when the total current and charge densities are considered.

1. Arbab, A. I., "The analogy between matter and electromagnetic waves," Europhysics Letters, Vol. 94, No. 5, 50005, 2011.
doi:10.1209/0295-5075/94/50005 Google Scholar

2. Vigier, J. P., "Evidence for nonzero mass photons associated with a vacuum-induced dissipative red-shift mechanism," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 18, No. 1, 64-72, 1990.
doi:10.1109/27.45506 Google Scholar

3. Kar, G., M. Sinha, and S. Roy, "Maxwell equations, nonzero photon mass, and conformal metric fluctuation," Int. J. Theor. Phys., Vol. 32, 593-607, 1993.
doi:10.1007/BF00673762 Google Scholar

4. Bardeen, J., L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, "Theory of superconductivity," Phys. Rev., Vol. 108, 1175, 1957.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175 Google Scholar

5. Bass, L. and E. Schodinger, "Must the photon mass be zero?," Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, Vol. 232, No. 1188, 1-6, 1955.
doi:10.1098/rspa.1955.0197 Google Scholar

6. Proca, A., "Sur la theorie ondulatoire des electrons positifs et negatifs," J. Phys. Radium, Vol. 7, 347-353, 1936.
doi:10.1051/jphysrad:0193600708034700 Google Scholar

7. Aharonov, Y. and D. Bohm, "Significance of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory," Phys. Rev., Vol. 115, 485, 1959.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.115.485 Google Scholar

8. Higgs, P. W., "Broken symmetries and the masses of gauge bosons," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 13, 508, 1964.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 Google Scholar

9. Ginzburg, V. L. and L. D. Landau, "On the theory of superconductivity," Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., Vol. 20, 1064-1082, 1950. Google Scholar

10. Tu, L.-C., J. Luo, and G. T. Gilles, "The mass of the photon," Rep. Prog. Phys., Vol. 68, 77, 2005.
doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02 Google Scholar

11. Lakes, R., "Experimental limits on the photon mass and cosmic magnetic vector potential," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 80, 1826, 1998.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1826 Google Scholar

12. Goldhaber, A. S. and M. M. Nieto, "Terrestrial and extraterrestrial limits on the photon mass," Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 43, 277, 1971.
doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.43.277 Google Scholar

13. Poenaru, D. N. and A. Calboreanu, Europhysics News, Vol. 37, 24, 1990.

14. Van Vlaenderen, K. J., "generalization of classical electrodynamics for the prediction of scalar field effects," Classical Physics, 2003, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0305098v1. Google Scholar

15. Griffiths, D., Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice-Hall, 1999.

16. Arbab, A. I. and Z. A. Satti, "The generalized Maxwell equations and the prediction of electroscalar wave," Progress in Physics, Vol. 2, 8, 2009. Google Scholar

17. Arbab, A. I. and H. M. Widatalla, "The generalized continuity equation," Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 27, 084703, 2010.
doi:10.1088/0256-307X/27/8/084703 Google Scholar

18. Arbab, A. I., "Complex Maxwell's equations," Chin. Phys. B, Vol. 22, No. 3, 030301, 2013.
doi:10.1088/1674-1056/22/3/030301 Google Scholar

Prof. Arbab Ibrahim Arbab