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PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters PIER Photonics
2014-10-17
The Extended Gauge Transformations
By
Arbab Ibrahim Arbab

    Prof. Arbab Ibrahim Arbab

    Department of Physics

    University of Khartoum

    Sudan

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 39, 107-114, 2014
doi:10.2528/PIERM14090503 | Google Scholar

Abstract
In this work, new ``extended gauge transformations'' involving current and fields are presented. The transformation of Maxwell's equations under these gauges leads to a massive boson field (photon) that is equivalent to Proca field. The charge conservation equation and Proca equations are invariant under the new extended gauge transformations. Maxwell's equations formulated with Lorenz gauge condition violated give rise to massive vector boson. The inclusion of London supercurrent in Maxwell's equations yields a massive scalar boson satisfying Klein-Gordon equation. It is found that in superconductivity Lorenz gauge condition is violated, and consequently massive spin-0 bosons are created. However, the charge conservation is restored when the total current and charge densities are considered.
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Citation
Arbab Ibrahim Arbab, "The Extended Gauge Transformations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 39, 107-114, 2014.
doi:10.2528/PIERM14090503
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