volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work proposes a novel probe-fed circular patch antenna which has been fractaled and reconfigured to deliver enhanced performance. The circular ground plane is made defected using Cantor-square fractal geometry which reduces the cross-polarization level by about 12 dB. Further, by appropriate positioning of a PIN diode switch in the ground slot, the fractal Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna (CMPA) is enabled to achieve frequency reconfiguration. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested for the assessment of various parameters. The proposed fractal reconfigurable antenna has a peak gain well above 6 dB, high radiation efficiency, and a maximum bandwidth of about 700 MHz in the X-band (8-12 GHz). The present work aims to focus on the huge potential of fractal reconfigurable antennas in modern dynamic wireless communication systems.

1. Garg, R., P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House, 2001.

2. Singh, I. and V. S. Tripathi, "Micro strip patch antenna and its applications: A survey," International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, 1595-1599, 2011. Google Scholar

3. Khanna, G. and N. Sharma, "Fractal antenna geometries: A review," International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 153, No. 7, 29-32, 2016.
doi:10.5120/ijca2016912106 Google Scholar

4. Naqvi, S. A., "Miniaturized triple-band and ultra-wideband (UWB) fractal antennas for UWB applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 59, No. 7, 1542-1546, 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.30582 Google Scholar

5. Kordzadeh, A. and F. Hojat-Kashani, "A new reduced size microstrip patch antenna with fractal shaped defects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 11, 29-37, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERB08100501 Google Scholar

6. Ali, J., S. Abdulkareem, A. Hammoodi, A. Salim, M. Yassen, M. Hussan, and H. Al-Rizzo, "Cantor fractal-based printed slot antenna for dual-band wireless applications," International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 263-270, 2016.
doi:10.1017/S1759078714001469 Google Scholar

7. Chen, W.-L., G.-M. Wang, and C.-X. Zhang, "Small-size microstrip patch antennas combining Koch and Sierpinski fractal-shapes," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, 738-741, 2008.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2008.2002808 Google Scholar

8. Ahmed, Z., A. Muhammad, and M. B. Ihsan, "Improving the sidelobe level, return loss and bandwidth of notch-loaded TM₃₀ mode patch via fractal-slot," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 19917-19924, 2022.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3152565 Google Scholar

9. Costantine, J., Y. Tawk, S. E. Barbin, and C. G. Christodoulou, "Reconfigurable antennas: Design and applications," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 103, No. 3, 424-437, 2015.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2015.2396000 Google Scholar

10. Chattha, H. T., M. Hanif, X. Yang, Q. H. Abbasi, and I. E. Rana, "Frequency reconfigurable patch antenna for 4G LTE applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 69, 1-13, 2018.
doi:10.2528/PIERM18022101 Google Scholar

11. Saroj, A. K. and J. A. Ansari, "A reconfigurable multiband rhombic shaped microstrip antenna for wireless smart applications," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 10, 2020.
doi:10.1002/mmce.22378 Google Scholar

12. Tripathi, S., A. Mohan, and S. Yadav, "A compact frequency-reconfigurable fractal UWB antenna using reconfigurable ground plane," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 59, No. 8, 1800-1808, 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.30631 Google Scholar

13. Yang, S. S., A. A. Kishk, and K. Lee, "Frequency reconfigurable U-slot microstrip patch antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, 127-129, 2008.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2008.921330 Google Scholar

14. Zhang, Y., B.-Z., Wang, X.-S., Yang, and W. Wu, "A fractal Hilbert microstrip antenna with reconfigurable radiation patterns," 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 3A, 254-257, 2005.
doi:10.1109/APS.2005.1552228 Google Scholar

15. Elwi, T. A., "Remotely controlled reconfigurable antenna for modern 5G networks applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 63, No. 8, 2018-2023, 2020.
doi:10.1002/mop.32505 Google Scholar

16. Cheng, H.-Y. and J.-S. Row, "A pattern reconfigurable design based on a slotted patch antenna with two feed ports," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 63, No. 12, 3035-3040, 2021.
doi:10.1002/mop.33012 Google Scholar

17. Majid, H. A., M. K. A. Rahim, M. R. Hamid, and M. F. Ismail, "Frequency and pattern reconfigurable slot antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 10, 5339-5343, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2342237 Google Scholar

18. Andrenko, A. S., I. V. Ivanchenko, D. I. Ivanchenko, S. Y. Karelin, A. M. Korolev, E. P. Laz'ko, and N. A. Popenko, "Active broad X-band circular patch antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, 529-533, 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2005.860200 Google Scholar

19. Singh, A., S. Vijay, and R. N. Baral, "Low cross-polarization improved-gain rectangular patch antenna," Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 10, 1189, 2019.
doi:10.3390/electronics8101189 Google Scholar

20. Zhu, Z., C. Chen, Y. Chen, and W. Wu, "A broadband low cross-polarization u-slot patch antenna array based on differential feed," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 68, 211-219, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERC16052404 Google Scholar

21. Chen, C., C. Li, Z. Zhu, and W. Wu, "Wideband and low-cross-polarization planar annual ring slot antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 3009-3013, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2757963 Google Scholar

22. Guo, Y.-X., K.-W. Khoo, L. C. Ong, and K. M. Luk, "Broadband low cross-polarization patch antenna," Radio Science, Vol. 42, No. 05, 1-8, 2007.
doi:10.1029/2006RS003595 Google Scholar

23. Ali, T., N. Fatima, and R. C. Biradar, "A miniaturized multiband reconfigurable fractal slot antenna for GPS/GNSS/Bluetooth/WiMAX/X-band applications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 94, 234-243, 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2018.07.017 Google Scholar

24. Tirunagari, A., B. Madhav, C. V. Kumar, P. Sruthi, M. Sahithi, and K. V. Manikanta, "Design of a frequency reconfigurable fractal antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) in vehicular communication," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 6, 1605-1611, 2019. Google Scholar

25. Madhusudhana, K. and S. P. Hegde, "Reconfigurable fractal microstrip antenna with varactor diode," Global Transitions Proceedings, Vol. 3, No. 1, 183-189, 2022.
doi:10.1016/j.gltp.2022.03.007 Google Scholar

26. Hong, K.-D., X. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Zhu, and T. Yuan, "A slot-loaded high-gain circular patch antenna with reconfigurable orthogonal polarizations and low cross polarization," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 3, 511-515, 2022.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2021.3136680 Google Scholar

27. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, John Wiley and Sons, 2005.

28. Campbell, M., "5.6 scaling and the Hausdorff dimension," Annennberg Learner: MATHematics Illuminated, 2013. Google Scholar

29. Duvall, P., J. Keesling, and A. Vince, "The Hausdorff dimension of the boundary of a self-similar tile," Journal of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. 61, No. 3, 748-760, 2000.
doi:10.1112/S0024610700008711 Google Scholar

30., https://www.skyworksinc.com/-/media/SkyWorks/Documents/Products/101-200/SMP1340_Series_200051U.pdf.

Mrs. Iqra Masroor

Dr. Shadman Aslam

Prof. Jamshed Ansari

Mr. Amrees Pandey