volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A compact planar edge ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed to operate at a frequency range of 3.5 GHz to 10.4 GHz for water quality detection. The design was constructed on an FR4 substrate with an overall dimension of 30 × 35× 1.6 mm³. The presented design is used to detect the presence of salt in the water in terms of reflection coefficient (S₁₁). The proposed antenna's performance was examined by increasing the salinity of the three water samples: distilled water, reverse osmosis (RO), and raw water. The results showed the decrease of the S₁₁ with the increment of salt in the water samples. In addition, the antenna showed good sensitivity as the resonance frequency of the antenna shifted to a lower frequency as the dielectric constant of water increased. Hence, the proposed UWB antenna can be prominently suitable for monitoring water quality and sensors.

1. Don, M. L. and G. R. Arce, "Antenna radiation pattern compressive sensing," MILCOM 2018 --- 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 174-181, IEEE, Oct. 29-31, 2018. Google Scholar

2. Jagannath, M., P. Amalendu, and M. V. Kartikeyan, Compact Antennas for High Data Rate Communication, 1st Ed., Vol. 14, 1-90, Springer Topics in Signal Processing, Springer, 2018.

3. Anguera, J., A. Andujar, M.-C. Huynh, C. Orlenius, C. Picher, and C. Puente, "Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2013, 1-5, 2013.
doi:10.1155/2013/838364 Google Scholar

4. Gartley, K. L., "Recommended methods for measuring soluble salts in soils," Recommended Soil Test. Procedures Northeastern United States. Cooperat. Bull., Vol. 493, 87-94, 2011. Google Scholar

5. Bircan, C. and S. A. Barringer, "Salt-starch interactions as evidenced by viscosity and dielectric property measurements," J. Food Sci., Vol. 63, No. 6, 983-986, 1998.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15838.x Google Scholar

6. Zajcek, R., T. Smejkal, L. Oppl, and J. Vrba, "Medical diagnostics using reflection method and waveguide probes-feasibility study," Proceedings of PIERS, 759-762, Cambridge, MA, USA, Jul. 2008. Google Scholar

7. Abbas, Z., R. Mokhtar, K. Khalid, M. Hashim, and S. A. Aziz, "RDWG technique of determination of moisture content in oil palm fruits," Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 40, 207-210, Nov. 2007. Google Scholar

8. Cheng, E. M., M. Fareq, A. B. Shahriman, R. Mohd Afendi, Y. S. Lee, S. F. Khor, W. H. Tan, M. N. Nashrul Fazli, A. Z. Abdullah, and M. A. Jusoh, "Development of microstrip patch antenna sensing system for salinity and sugar detection in water," International Journal of Mechcanical Mechatronics Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1431-1436, Oct. 2014. Google Scholar

9. Rahman, M. N., M. T. Islam, and M. Samsuzzaman, "Detection of different concentrated salt and sugar solution based on dielectric properties using microstrip technology," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 60, 1573-1577, 2018.
doi:10.1002/mop.31201 Google Scholar

10. Ganta, S. and S. Akhila, "Underwater antenna design and analysis at ISM band frequency," International Journal of Engineerig Research and Technology, Vol. 6, 12, 2017. Google Scholar

11. Bircan, C. and S. A. Barringer, "Salt-starch interactions as evidenced by viscosity and dielectric property measurements," Journal of Food Science, Vol. 63, No. 6, 983-986, Nov. 1998.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15838.x Google Scholar

12. Islam, M. T., M. N. Rahman, M. S. J. Singh, and M. Samsuzzaman, "Detection of salt and sugar contents in water on the basis of dielectric properties using microstrip antenna-based sensor," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 4118-4126, 2018.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2787689 Google Scholar

13. Alhawari, A. R. H., S. F. Majeed, T. Saeidi, S. Mumtaz, H. Alghamdi, A. T. Hindi, A. H. M. Almawgani, M. A. Imran, and Q. H. Abb, "Compact elliptical UWB antenna for underwater wireless communications," Micromachines, Vol. 12, 411, 2021.
doi:10.3390/mi12040411 Google Scholar

14. Logeswaran, J. and R. B. Rani, "UWB antenna as a sensor for the analysis of dissolved particles and water quality," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 106, 31-39, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERL22062901 Google Scholar

15. APHA (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Ed., American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC.

16. Soni, K. S. and P. Kumar, "Smart water purification technique," 2020 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN), 438-444, Greater Noida, India, 2020. Google Scholar

17. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, "Electrical conductivity of seawater," IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, 50-62, Jan. 1980.
doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145449 Google Scholar

Mr. Joseph Charles Vinoth

Dr. Subramaniam Ramesh

Dr. Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin

Dr. Suhail Asghar Qureshi

Dr. Sivathanu Chitra

Dr. Elumalai Saranya

Dr. Messiah Josephine

Dr. Ganesan Sneha