volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This article presents a groundbreaking approach to osteoporosis detection and monitoring by integrating a new wearable monopole antenna design with advanced machine learning algorithm (neural network). Inspired by the intricate pattern of a Christmas snowflake, the system utilizes UWB electromagnetic waves and bone attenuation analysis for compact, noninvasive, and highly accurate bone health assessment. Fabricated entirely from textile materials, the antenna features remarkable performance metrics, including an impedance bandwidth of 4.9 to 12.6 GHz and a reflection coefficient consistently below -10 dB, within a compact form factor of 41.9 mm × 29.2 mm. Experimental validation and comparative studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in precisely classifying osteoporosis levels, achieving an outstanding accuracy rate of 87%. This study signifies a significant advancement in osteoporosis detection and diagnosis, combining state-of-the-art antenna technology with advanced machine learning techniques. The developed system holds promise for early detection and personalized monitoring of osteoporosis, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes and enhanced quality of life for individuals at risk of bone-related diseases.

1. Choi, Han Seok, So Young Park, Yoo Mee Kim, Se Hwa Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, and Yoon-Sok Chung, "Medical treatment of severe osteoporosis including new concept of advanced severe osteoporosis," Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, Vol. 2, No. 1, 13-19, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.afos.2016.02.003 Google Scholar

2. Aaseth, Jan, Georges Boivin, and Ole Andersen, "Osteoporosis and trace elements --- An overview," Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 26, No. 2-3, 149-152, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.017 Google Scholar

3. Delmas, Pierre D., "Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis," The Lancet, Vol. 359, No. 9322, 2018-2026, 2002.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08827-X Google Scholar

4. Cummings, Steven R., W. Browner, D. M. Black, M. C. Nevitt, H. K. Genant, J. Cauley, K. Ensrud, J .Scott, and T. M. Vogt, "Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures," The Lancet, Vol. 341, No. 8837, 72-75, 1993.
doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92555-8 Google Scholar

5. Babatunde, Oladapo M., Austin T. Fragomen, and S. Robert Rozbruch, "Noninvasive quantitative assessment of bone healing after distraction osteogenesis," Hss Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 71-78, 2010.
doi:10.1007/s11420-009-9130-y Google Scholar

6. Kanis, John A., L. Joseph Melton III, Claus Christiansen, Conrad C. Johnston, and Nikolai Khaltaev, "The diagnosis of osteoporosis," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1137-1141, 1994.
doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090802 Google Scholar

7. Griffith, James F., Klaus Engelke, and Harry K. Genant, "Looking beyond bone mineral density: Imaging assessment of bone quality," Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1192, No. 1, 45-56, 2010.
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05378.x Google Scholar

8. Lang, T. F., G. Guglielmi, C. Van Kuijk, A. De Serio, M. Cammisa, and H. K. Genant, "Measurement of bone mineral density at the spine and proximal femur by volumetric quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in elderly women with and without vertebral fractures," Bone, Vol. 30, No. 1, 247-250, 2002.
doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00647-0 Google Scholar

9. Gabriel, C., "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 41, 2271-2293, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/003 Google Scholar

10. Marzouk, Hala M., Anwer S. Abd El- Hameed, Ahmed Allam, Ramesh K. Pokharel, and Adel B. Abdel- Rahman, "A new rectangular dielectric resonator sensor for glucose measurement: design, modeling, and experimental validation," International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, Vol. 52, No. 6, 3040-3051, 2024.
doi:10.1002/cta.3903 Google Scholar

11. Augustine, Robin, Dhanesh G. Kurup, Sujith Raman, Dujin Lee, Kangwook Kim, and Anders Rydberg, "Bone mineral density analysis using ultra wideband microwave measurements," 2015 IEEE Mtt-s International Microwave and Rf Conference (IMaRC), 102-104, Hyderabad, India, 2015.

12. Ghosh, Debalina, Arijit De, Mary C. Taylor, Tapan K. Sarkar, Michael C. Wicks, and Eric L. Mokole, "Transmission and reception by ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 48, No. 5, 67-99, 2006.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2006.277157 Google Scholar

13. Tlili, Malika, F. Deshours, G. Alquié, H. Kokabi, S. Hardinata, and F. Koskas, "Microwave resonant sensor for non-invasive characterization of biological tissues," Irbm, Vol. 39, No. 6, 445-450, 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.irbm.2018.10.013 Google Scholar

14. Biswas, Balaka, Ayan Karmakar, and Vikash Chandra, "Fractal inspired miniaturized wideband ingestible antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy," AEU -- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 120, 153192, 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153192 Google Scholar

15. Jagan, G., N. Palanikumar, A. Varun-Miranda, and S. Florence, "Development of a planar sensor for monitoring orthopaedic health," Proceedings of The 2016 Irf International Conference, Chennai, India, 71-75, 2016.

16. Cruz, Agnaldo Souza, Sandro Gonçalves Da Silva, and Bruno Henrique De Castro, "Bone density measurement through electromagnetic waves," The 6th 2013 Biomedical Engineering International Conference, 1-5, Amphur Muang, Thailand, 2013.

17. Meaney, Paul M., Douglas Goodwin, Amir Golnabi, Matthew Pallone, Shireen Geimer, and Keith D. Paulsen, "3D microwave bone imaging," 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 1770-1771, Prague, Czech Republic, 2012.

18. Symeonidis, Symeon, William G. Whittow, Chinthana Panagamuwa, and Massimiliano Zecca, "An implanted antenna system for the monitoring of the healing of bone fractures," 2015 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), 1-4, Loughborough, UK, 2015.

19. Liang, Jianxin, Choo C. Chiau, Xiaodong Chen, and Clive G. Parini, "Study of a printed circular disc monopole antenna for UWB systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 11, 3500-3504, Nov. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.858598 Google Scholar

20. Paracha, Kashif Nisar, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, Ping Jack Soh, and Mohsen Khalily, "Wearable antennas: A review of materials, structures, and innovative features for autonomous communication and sensing," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 56694-56712, Apr. 2019.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909146 Google Scholar

21. Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

22. Wahab, M. G., A. S. Abd El-Hameed, W. Swelam, and M. H. Abd ElAzeem, "Design of miniaturized fractal quasi-self complimentary antenna for UWB applications," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 1809-1810, Fajardo, PR, USA, 2016.

23. Abd El-Hameed, Anwer S., Deena A. Salem, Esmat A. F. Abdallah, and Essam A. Hashish, "Quasi self-complementary UWB notched microstrip antenna for USB application," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 56, 185-201, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIERB13040807 Google Scholar

24. Abd El-Hameed, A. S., D. A. Salem, E. A. Abdallah, and E. A. Hashish, "Fractal quasi-self complimentary miniaturized UWB antenna," 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 15-16, Orlando, FL, USA, 2013.

25. Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad, Bal S. Virdee, Panchamkumar Shukla, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Leyre Azpilicueta, Chan Hwang See, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed, Francisco Falcone, Isabelle Huynen, Tayeb A. Denidni, and Ernesto Limiti, "Metamaterial-inspired antenna array for application in microwave breast imaging systems for tumor detection," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 174667-174678, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3025672 Google Scholar

26. Lin, Monica C., Diane Hu, Meir Marmor, Safa T. Herfat, Chelsea S. Bahney, and Michel M. Maharbiz, "Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing," Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2122, 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37784-0 Google Scholar

27. Boologam, Ananda Venkatesan, Kalimuthu Krishnan, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, Sachin Kumar, Shreya Bhowmik, Nivesh Sharma, Deepesh Vaish, and Sourish Chatterjee, "On the design and development of planar monopole antenna for bone crack/void detection," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2022, No. 1, 4663488, May 2022. Google Scholar

28. Abd El-Hameed, Anwer S., Dalia M. Elsheakh, Gomaa M. Elashry, and Esmat A. Abdallah, "A comparative study of narrow/ultra-wideband microwave sensors for the continuous monitoring of vital signs and lung water level," Sensors, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1658, 2024.
doi:10.3390/s24051658 Google Scholar

29. Romeo, Stefania, Loreto Di Donato, Ovidio Mario Bucci, Ilaria Catapano, Lorenzo Crocco, Maria Rosaria Scarfì, and Rita Massa, "Dielectric characterization study of liquid-based materials for mimicking breast tissues," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 53, No. 6, 1276-1280, 2011.
doi:10.1002/mop.26001 Google Scholar

30. Carey, John J and Miriam F Delaney, "T-scores and Z-scores," Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Vol. 8, 113-121, 2010.
doi:10.1007/s12018-009-9064-4 Google Scholar

31. Balmer, Thomas Wyss, Soma Vesztergom, Peter Broekmann, Andreas Stahel, and Philippe Büchler, "Characterization of the electrical conductivity of bone and its correlation to osseous structure," Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, No. 1, 8601, 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26836-0 Google Scholar

32. Amin, Bilal, Muhammad Adnan Elahi, Atif Shahzad, Eoin Parle, Laoise McNamara, and Martin O’Halloran, "An insight into bone dielectric properties variation: A foundation for electromagnetic medical devices," 2018 Emf-med 1st World Conference on Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF-Med), 1-2, Split, Croatia, 2018.

33. Vendik, Irina B., Vladimir V. Pleskachev, Viktor Yakovlev, and Svetlana Tamilova, "Microwave diagnostics of osteoporosis," 2018 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 1239-1242, Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia, 2018.

34. Andreuccetti, D., R. Fossi, and C. Perrucci, Calculation of the dielectric properties of body tissues in the frequency range 10 Hz-100 GHz, IFAC-CNR, Florence (Italy) 1997-2015. http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.php.

Dr. Eman Gamal Ouf

Dr. Anwer S. Abd El-Hameed

Dr. Asmaa G. Seliem

Dr. Shaza M. Elnady