volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, a ray-tracing based mathematical model is proposed for the analysis and design of Fabry-Perot antennas with a nonuniform Partially Reflecting Surface (PRS). The use of nonuniform PRS in FPA's has recently gained attention due to its immense applications such as directivity enhancement and beam-steering. A spatially varying phase profile of the PRS is achieved by the arrangement of various distinct unit cells throughout the surface. The PRS phase and magnitude variation enables the alteration of wavefronts to achieve beam steering along a desired polar and azimuth angle (θ, Φ). Thus, a simple, robust and computationally efficient model to find the optimal FPA parameters and phase profiles for beam-steering has been developed in this paper. FPAs were designed using a square PRS for 1-D and 2-D beam steering with gains of up to 17 dBi. The model has been verified with the simulated results at 8 GHz and 8.5 GHz, demonstrating consistent field patterns with the full-wave simulations.

1. Parker, Don and David C. Zimmermann, "Phased arrays-part 1: Theory and architectures," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, No. 3, 678-687, Mar. 2002. Google Scholar

2. Ghasemi, Amirhossein, Shah Nawaz Burokur, Abdallah Dhouibi, and André de Lustrac, "High beam steering in Fabry-Pérot leaky-wave antennas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, 261-264, 2013. Google Scholar

3. Ji, Lu-Yang, Y. Jay Guo, Pei-Yuan Qin, Shu-Xi Gong, and Raj Mittra, "A reconfigurable partially reflective surface (PRS) antenna for beam steering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2387-2395, Jun. 2015. Google Scholar

4. Zhang, Gaojing, Ming Su, Yanming Zhang, Anna Wang, and Chengkang Pan, "Methodology and implementation of beam steering using C-shaped split rings for Fabry-Pérot antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2268-2277, Mar. 2023. Google Scholar

5. Goudarzi, Azita, Mohammad Mahdi Honari, and Rashid Mirzavand, "A millimeter-wave Fabry-Pérot cavity antenna with unidirectional beam scanning capability for 5G applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 3, 1787-1796, Mar. 2022. Google Scholar

6. Xie, Peng, Guangming Wang, Haipeng Li, and Jiangang Liang, "A dual-polarized two-dimensional beam-steering Fabry-Pérot cavity antenna with a reconfigurable partially reflecting surface," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2370-2374, 2017. Google Scholar

7. Reis, Joao R., Rafael F. S. Caldeirinha, Akram Hammoudeh, and Nigel Copner, "Electronically reconfigurable FSS-inspired transmitarray for 2-D beamsteering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 9, 4880-4885, Sep. 2017. Google Scholar

8. Guzmán-Quirós, R., A. R. Weily, J. L. Gómez-Tornero, and Y. J. Guo, "A Fabry-Pérot antenna with two-dimensional electronic beam scanning," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 4, 1536-1541, 2016. Google Scholar

9. Gonçalves Licursi de Mello, Rafael, Anne Claire Lepage, and Xavier Begaud, "Taming Fabry-Pérot resonances in a dual-metasurface multiband antenna with beam steering in one of the bands," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 9871, 2023. Google Scholar

10. Ourir, Abdelwaheb, Shah Nawaz Burokur, Riad Yahiaoui, and André de Lustrac, "Directive metamaterial-based subwavelength resonant cavity antennas --- Applications for beam steering," Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 10, No. 5, 414-422, 2009. Google Scholar

11. Afzal, Muhammad U. and Karu P. Esselle, "Steering the beam of medium-to-high gain antennas using near-field phase transformation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 4, 1680-1690, Apr. 2017. Google Scholar

12. Yang, Xue, Shenheng Xu, Fan Yang, Maokun Li, Yangqing Hou, Shuidong Jiang, and Lei Liu, "A broadband high-efficiency reconfigurable reflectarray antenna using mechanically rotational elements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 8, 3959-3966, 2017. Google Scholar

13. Hussain, Muhammad, Kyung-Geun Lee, and Dongho Kim, "Tapered high-gain Fabry-Pérot cavity antenna with high sidelobe suppression for 5G industry," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 15744, 2023. Google Scholar

14. Hu, Yi-Di, Xiao-Hua Wang, Shi-Wei Qu, and Bing-Zhong Wang, "A wideband high-efficiency compact Fabry-Pérot resonant antenna with multilayer partially reflective surface," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 10, 2100-2104, Oct. 2022. Google Scholar

15. Liu, Xiaosong, Zehong Yan, Enlin Wang, Tianling Zhang, and Fangfang Fan, "Magnetoelectric dipole-fed Fabry-Pérot antenna with wideband RCS reduction based on multilayer metasurface," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 20, No. 7, 1342-1346, Jul. 2021. Google Scholar

16. Trentini, G. Von, "Partially reflecting sheet arrays," IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 4, No. 4, 666-671, Oct. 1956. Google Scholar

17. Liu, Wei E. I., Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing, "Miniature wideband non-uniform metasurface antenna using equivalent circuit model," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 7, 5652-5657, Jul. 2020. Google Scholar

18. Zhao, Tianxia, David R. Jackson, Jeffery T. Williams, and Arthur A. Oliner, "General formulas for 2-D leaky-wave antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 11, 3525-3533, 2005. Google Scholar

19. Boutayeb, Halim and Tayeb A. Denidni, "Internally excited Fabry-Pérot type cavity: Power normalization and directivity evaluation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, 159-162, 2006. Google Scholar

20. Zhou, Lin, Xin Duan, Zhangjie Luo, Yonghong Zhou, and Xing Chen, "High directivity Fabry-Pérot antenna with a nonuniform partially reflective surface and a phase correcting structure," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 11, 7601-7606, Nov. 2020. Google Scholar

21. Sengupta, Sohini, David R. Jackson, and Stuart A. Long, "Modal analysis and propagation characteristics of leaky waves on a 2-D periodic leaky-wave antenna," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 66, No. 3, 1181-1191, Mar. 2018. Google Scholar

22. Ran, Xi, Xiao-Hua Wang, Yi-Di Hu, Shi-Wei Qu, and Bing-Zhong Wang, "Dual-polarized nonuniform Fabry-Pérot cavity antenna with flat-topped radiation pattern," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1060-1064, May 2022. Google Scholar

23. Liang, Qiuyan, Buon Kiong Lau, and Gaonan Zhou, "Beam-reconfigurable antenna with inductive partially reflective surface and parasitic elements," TechRxiv., Mar. 2023. Google Scholar

Dr. Akshar Tripathi

Prof. Mahesh Pandurang Abegaonkar