volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper focuses on enhancing the efficiency of wireless power transfer (WPT) using metamaterials (MTMs) only in the transmitter section, without modifying the receiver section. Power transfer efficiency (PTE) is the ratio of the actual power to the load resistance R_load that is transmitted to the load to the maximum available power at the source, V_s. Enhancing the PTE of a WPT system is essential, given the wide range of WPT applications. Magnetic MTMs can significantly increase the PTE. This research proposes a structure for the transmitter coil (Tx) and the receiver coil (Rx), incorporating the MTM slab, in a WPT system to enhance efficiency. The MTM was fabricated on a thin FR-4 substrate and positioned in front of and behind the Tx coil. Full-wave simulations show a clear improvement in coupling after adding the MTM plate. The transmission coefficient S₂₁ is increased by 0.4 when the MTM is placed in front of the Tx coil. When the two plates of the MTM were inserted, the S₂₁ improved by 0.2 compared to a single slab due to dielectric losses. In all cases, the magnetic field became more distributed and focused on the receiver side after the addition of the MTMs. The power transfer efficiency reaches 53.3% with double-layer MTMs at 12 MHz and a distance of 35 mm. Finally, the results of the measurements and simulations showed acceptable agreement, indicating that the proposed method is effective in overcoming reduced efficiency issues. The proposed design is suitable for various electronic applications, such as multiple-device charging pads.

1. Hong, Y.-W. Peter, Teng-Cheng Hsu, and Pradeep Chennakesavula, "Wireless power transfer for distributed estimation in wireless passive sensor networks," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 64, No. 20, 5382-5395, Oct. 2016.
doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2595491 Google Scholar

2. Ullah, Md. Amanath, Rasool Keshavarz, Mehran Abolhasan, Justin Lipman, Karu P. Esselle, and Negin Shariati, "A review on antenna technologies for ambient RF energy harvesting and wireless power transfer: Designs, challenges and applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 17231-17267, 2022.
doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149276 Google Scholar

3. Kim, Seong-Min, Jung-Ick Moon, In-Kui Cho, Jae-Hun Yoon, Woo-Jin Byun, and Hyun-Chul Choi, "Advanced power control scheme in wireless power transmission for human protection from EM field," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 63, No. 3, 847-856, Mar. 2015.
doi:10.1109/tmtt.2015.2398444 Google Scholar

4. Onar, Omer C., Steven L. Campbell, Larry Eugene Seiber, Cliff P. White, Madhu Sudhan Chinthavali, Lixin Tang, Paul H. Chambon, Burak Ozpineci, and David E. Smith, "Oak ridge national laboratory wireless charging of electric vehicles --- CRADA report," ORNL/TM-2016/296, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2016.
doi:10.2172/1263875

5. Xiao, Chunyan, Kangzheng Wei, Dingning Cheng, and Yufeng Liu, "Wireless charging system considering eddy current in cardiac pacemaker shell: Theoretical modeling, experiments, and safety simulations," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 64, No. 5, 3978-3988, May 2017.
doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2645142 Google Scholar

6. Kim, Nam Yoon, Ki Young Kim, Young-Ho Ryu, Jinsung Choi, Dong-Zo Kim, Changwook Yoon, Yun-Kwon Park, and Sangwook Kwon, "Automated adaptive frequency tracking system for efficient mid-range wireless power transfer via magnetic resonanc coupling," 2012 42nd European Microwave Conference, 221-224, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2012.
doi:10.23919/EuMC.2012.6459399

7. Beh, Teck Chuan, Masaki Kato, Takehiro Imura, Sehoon Oh, and Yoichi Hori, "Automated impedance matching system for robust wireless power transfer via magnetic resonance coupling," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 9, 3689-3698, Sep. 2013.
doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2206337 Google Scholar

8. Zhong, W. X., C. Zhang, Xun Liu, and S. Y. Ron Hui, "A methodology for making a three-coil wireless power transfer system more energy efficient than a two-coil counterpart for extended transfer distance," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 2, 933-942, Feb. 2015.
doi:10.1109/tpel.2014.2312020 Google Scholar

9. Zhu, Qi, Mei Su, Yao Sun, Weiyi Tang, and Aiguo Patrick Hu, "Field orientation based on current amplitude and phase angle control for wireless power transfer," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 65, No. 6, 4758-4770, Jun. 2018.
doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2767556 Google Scholar

10. Wu, Kai, Jing-Jing Liu, Yu-jiang Ding, Wei Wang, Bin Liang, and Jian-Chun Cheng, "Metamaterial-based real-time communication with high information density by multipath twisting of acoustic wave," Nature Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1, 5171, Sep. 2022.
doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32778-z Google Scholar

11. Ha, Duong Thi, Bui Son Tung, Bui Xuan Khuyen, Thanh Son Pham, Nguyen Thanh Tung, Nguyen Hoang Tung, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Vu Dinh Lam, Haiyu Zheng, Liangyao Chen, and YoungPak Lee, "Dual-band, polarization-insensitive, ultrathin and flexible metamaterial absorber based on high-order magnetic resonance," Photonics, Vol. 8, No. 12, 574, 2021.
doi:10.3390/photonics8120574 Google Scholar

12. Sahandabadi, Sahereh, Seyed Vahab Al-Din Makki, and Shahpour Alirezaee, "Design of a reflectarray antenna using graphene and epsilon-near-zero metamaterials in terahertz band," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 89, 113-119, 2020.
doi:10.2528/pierl19120601 Google Scholar

13. Wu, Geng-Bo, Jun Yan Dai, Kam Man Shum, Ka Fai Chan, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui, and Chi Hou Chan, "A universal metasurface antenna to manipulate all fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic waves," Nature Communications, Vol. 14, No. 1, 5155, 2023.
doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40717-9 Google Scholar

14. Van Long, Le, Dinh Ngoc Dung, Pham Thanh Son, Nguyen Thanh Tung, Vu Thi Hong Hanh, Duong Thi Ha, Do Thuy Chi, Bui Son Tung, Bui Xuan Khuyen, and Vu Dinh Lam, "Robust reversion of dual-band polarization conversion and absorption based on flexible metamaterial," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 92, No. 2, 024801, 2023.
doi:10.7566/jpsj.92.024801 Google Scholar

15. Patel, Shobhit K., Juveriya Parmar, Vishal Sorathiya, Truong Khang Nguyen, and Vigneswaran Dhasarathan, "Tunable infrared metamaterial-based biosensor for detection of hemoglobin and urine using phase change material," Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1, 7101, Mar. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86700-6 Google Scholar

16. Smirnov, Pavel, Eugene Koreshin, Georgii Baranov, and Polina Kapitanova, "Self-tuning approach for metasurface-based resonators for one-to-many wireless power transfer," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 134, No. 8, 084901, Aug. 2023.
doi:10.1063/5.0152710 Google Scholar

17. Habib, Noor Fadhel, M. Sajjad Bayati, and Nasr Alkhafaji, "Improving the performance of a wireless power transfer with misalignment using magnetic resonators coil and metamaterial slabs," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 160, 48-55, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERC25062802 Google Scholar

18. Younesiraad, Hemn and Mohammad Bemani, "Analysis of coupling between magnetic dipoles enhanced by metasurfaces for wireless power transfer efficiency improvement," Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, No. 1, 14865, 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33174-8 Google Scholar

19. Hiep, Le Thi Hong, Bui Xuan Khuyen, Bui Son Tung, Quang Minh Ngo, Vu Dinh Lam, and Thanh Son Pham, "Flexible magnetic metasurface with defect cavity for wireless power transfer system," Materials, Vol. 15, No. 19, 6583, 2022.
doi:10.3390/ma15196583 Google Scholar

20. Rong, Cancan, Lihui Yan, Long Li, Yunhui Li, and Minghai Liu, "A review of metamaterials in wireless power transfer," Materials, Vol. 16, No. 17, 6008, 2023.
doi:10.3390/ma16176008 Google Scholar

21. Bui, Huu Nguyen, Thanh Son Pham, Jie-Seok Kim, and Jong-Wook Lee, "Field-focused reconfigurable magnetic metamaterial for wireless power transfer and propulsion of an untethered microrobot," Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 494, 165778, Jan. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165778 Google Scholar

22. Lu, Conghui, Xiutao Huang, Xiong Tao, Cancan Rong, and Minghai Liu, "Comprehensive analysis of side-placed metamaterials in wireless power transfer system," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 152900-152908, 2020.
doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017492 Google Scholar

23. Hou, Yaowei, Xiufang Wang, Yu Wang, Yanwen Hu, Yingda He, and Zhongming Yan, "Analysis of wireless power transfer using superconducting metamaterials," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1-5, Mar. 2019.
doi:10.1109/tasc.2018.2882234 Google Scholar

24. Jiang, Shan, Xuejun Liu, Jianpeng Liu, Dong Ye, Yongqing Duan, Kan Li, Zhouping Yin, and Yong An Huang, "Flexible metamaterial electronics," Advanced Materials, Vol. 34, No. 52, 2200070, 2022.
doi:10.1002/adma.202200070 Google Scholar

25. Bertoldi, Katia, Vincenzo Vitelli, Johan Christensen, and Martin Van Hecke, "Flexible mechanical metamaterials," Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 2, No. 11, 1-11, Oct. 2017.
doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.66 Google Scholar

26. Anjali, M., Raghunath Sahoo, Lincy Stephen, C. V. Krishnamurthy, and V. Subramanian, "Flexible bandwidth-enhanced metamaterial absorbers with epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets-silver nanowire polymer composites as substrates," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 249, 110492, Apr. 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110492 Google Scholar

27. Li, Wenzhi, Qiyue Yu, Jing Hui Qiu, and Jiaran Qi, "Intelligent wireless power transfer via a 2-bit compact reconfigurable transmissive-metasurface-based router," Nature Communications, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2807, 2024.
doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46984-4 Google Scholar

28. Yusri, Muhammad Sukriyllah, Mohamad Harris Misran, Maizatul Alice Meor Said, Mohd Azlishah Othman, Azahari Salleh, Ridza Azri Ramlee, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Mohd Zahid Idris, "Optimizing wireless power transfer efficiency at 13.56 MHz using double negative metamaterials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 111, 125-133, 2025.
doi:10.2528/pierb24122701 Google Scholar

29. Shaw, Tarakeswar, Bappaditya Mandal, Gopinath Samanta, Thiemo Voigt, Debasis Mitra, and Robin Augustine, "Rotation insensitive implantable wireless power transfer system for medical devices using metamaterial-polarization converter," Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1, 19688, 2024.
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70591-4 Google Scholar

30. Cho, Yeonje, Seongsoo Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hongseok Kim, Chiuk Song, Sunkyu Kong, Junyong Park, Chulhun Seo, and Joungho Kim, "Thin hybrid metamaterial slab with negative and zero permeability for high efficiency and low electromagnetic field in wireless power transfer systems," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1001-1009, 2018.
doi:10.1109/temc.2017.2751595 Google Scholar

31. Wang, Xiufang, Yu Wang, Yanwen Hu, Yingda He, and Zhongming Yan, "Analysis of wireless power transfer using superconducting metamaterials," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1-5, 2019.
doi:10.1109/tasc.2018.2882234 Google Scholar

32. Lazzoni, Valeria, Danilo Brizi, and Agostino Monorchio, "Spatial filtering magnetic metasurface for misalignment robustness enhancement in wireless power transfer applications," Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1, 560, 2023.
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27719-9 Google Scholar

33. Hiep, Le Thi Hong, Huu Nguyen Bui, Bui Son Tung, Vu Dinh Lam, Bui Xuan Khuyen, and Thanh Son Pham, "Enhanced efficiency of magnetic resonant wireless power transfer system using rollable and foldable metasurface based on polyimide substrate," Applied Physics A, Vol. 130, No. 7, 521, 2024.
doi:10.1007/s00339-024-07684-4 Google Scholar

Dr. Noor Fadhel Habib

Prof. Mohammad Sajjad Bayati

Dr. Nasr Alkhafaji