volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison between jeans and FR4 based patch antenna sensors for blood glucose sensing using a non-invasive approach. The dual-feed square-patch antenna sensor with partial ground has a compact structure operating at 2.8 GHz frequency. The performance of the antenna sensor was evaluated by measuring the shifts in resonant frequency with varying blood glucose concentration in the simulation. Both antenna sensors were experimentally tested and validated by placing a human volunteer's fingertip on the patch. The jeans-based antenna sensor exhibited higher sensitivity to glucose variation than the FR4 based antenna. This study demonstrates the crucial role of substrates in sensing applications involving interactions with human tissues.

1. Jain, Prateek, Amit M. Joshi, Saraju P. Mohanty, and Linga Reddy Cenkeramaddi, "Non-invasive glucose measurement technologies: Recent advancements and future challenges," IEEE Access, Vol. 12, 61907-61936, 2024.
doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389819 Google Scholar

2. Siddiqui, Sarah Ali, Yuan Zhang, Jaime Lloret, Houbing Song, and Zoran Obradovic, "Pain-free blood glucose monitoring using wearable sensors: Recent advancements and future prospects," IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 11, 21-35, 2018.
doi:10.1109/rbme.2018.2822301 Google Scholar

3. Upadhyay, Nidhi, Amanpreet Kaur, Arnab Pattanayak, and Ashima Singh, "Non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring using antennas: A comprehensive review report," Discover Electronics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 31, 2025.
doi:10.1007/s44291-025-00068-9 Google Scholar

4. Lee, Jeong Eun, Badrinathan Sridharan, Daehun Kim, Yeongho Sung, Jin Hyeong Park, and Hae Gyun Lim, "Continuous glucose monitoring: Minimally and non-invasive technologies," Clinica Chimica Acta, Vol. 575, 120358, 2025.
doi:10.1016/j.cca.2025.120358 Google Scholar

5. Ahmadian, Nivad, Annamalai Manickavasagan, and Amanat Ali, "Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: A review," Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 47, No. 2, 121-130, 2023.
doi:10.1080/03091902.2022.2100496 Google Scholar

6. Villena Gonzales, Wilbert, Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher, and Amin Abbosh, "The progress of glucose monitoring --- A review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors," Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 4, 800, Feb. 2019.
doi:10.3390/s19040800 Google Scholar

7. Kandwal, Abhishek, Yogeshwar Dutt Sharma, Rohit Jasrotia, Chan Choon Kit, Natrayan Lakshmaiya, Mika Sillanpää, Louis W. Y. Liu, Tobore Igbe, Asha Kumari, Rahul Sharma, Suresh Kumar, and Chongkol Sungoum, "A comprehensive review on electromagnetic wave based non-invasive glucose monitoring in microwave frequencies," Heliyon, Vol. 10, No. 18, e37825, 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37825 Google Scholar

8. Megdad, Ayman R., Rabah W. Aldhaheri, and Nebras M. Sobahi, "A noninvasive method for measuring the blood glucose level using a narrow band microstrip antenna," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES), Vol. 37, No. 11, 1118-1130, 2022.
doi:10.13052/2022.aces.j.371102 Google Scholar

9. Aldhaheri, Rabah W., Jagadeesh Babu Kamili, Anveshkumar Nella, and Nebras M. Sobahi, "A novel compact highly sensitive non-invasive microwave antenna sensor for blood glucose monitoring," Open Physics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 20230107, 2023.
doi:10.1515/phys-2023-0107 Google Scholar

10. Nella, Anveshkumar, Rabah Wasel Aldhaheri, Jagadeesh Babu Kamili, and Nebras Mohammed Sobahi, "A non-invasive method of glucose monitoring using FR4 material based microwave antenna sensor," Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, Vol. 30, No. 1, 20220187, 2023.
doi:10.1515/secm-2022-0187 Google Scholar

11. Raj, Saurabh, Shivesh Tripathi, Gaurav Upadhyay, Shiv Shanker Tripathi, and Vijay Shanker Tripathi, "An electromagnetic band gap-based complementary split ring resonator loaded patch antenna for glucose level measurement," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 21, No. 20, 22679-22687, Oct. 2021.
doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3107462 Google Scholar

12. Kamili, Jagadeesh Babu and Kiran Kumar Bandi, "Glucose concentration evaluation in blood samples using novel microwave antenna sensor," Microsystem Technologies, Vol. 31, No. 1, 123-136, 2025.
doi:10.1007/s00542-024-05716-w Google Scholar

13. Ghodake, Asha and Balaji Hogade, "Wearable textile antenna for glucose level monitoring," International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, 219-224, 2023.
doi:10.24425/ijet.2023.144353 Google Scholar

14. Gharbi, Mariam El, Raúl Fernández-García, and Ignacio Gil, "Textile antenna-sensor for in vitro diagnostics of diabetes," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 13, 1570, 2021.
doi:10.3390/electronics10131570 Google Scholar

15. Yi, Zhenxiang and Chuxi Wang, "Noninvasive glucose sensors using defective-ground-structure coplanar waveguide," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 195-201, Jan. 2023.
doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3221729 Google Scholar

16. Kumar, Girish and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 2003.

17. Balanis, Constantine A., Modern Antenna Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

18. Pozar, David M., Microwave Engineering: Theory and Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 2021.

19. Karacolak, Tutku, Elaine C. Moreland, and Erdem Topsakal, "Cole-cole model for glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma for continuous glucose monitoring," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 55, No. 5, 1160-1164, 2013.
doi:10.1002/mop.27515 Google Scholar

Dr. Monika Budania

Dr. Bharati Singh

Mrs. Vandana Jitendra Satam