volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The Fifth-Generation (5G) radio network consists of two spectrums: one millimeter-wave band (24-40 GHz) and the other below 6 GHz, which is also popularised as sub-6 GHz band. The spectrum of a sub-6 GHz radio network may be divided into three bands, i.e., low-band (below 1 GHz), mid-band (1-2.6 GHz), and upper mid-band (3.5-6 GHz). The low-band provides a good network coverage, and the mid-band offers a balance between coverage and capacity, whereas the high-band provides the super data capacity and speed. The service providers use combinations of different bands from these three segments of sub-6 GHz spectrum to deliver smooth 5G services. In this work, a novel design of a multiband Double Sided Printed Dipole Antenna (DSPDA) system is proposed that operates at least at one band in each segment of the sub-6 GHz spectrum. The design consists of two DSPDAs, a symmetric one and an asymmetric one, fed in series by a common line in a tree-like structure. The multiple bands are obtained by having fundamental resonant frequencies and their harmonics. All bands are predictable by the design equations. It also provides the flexibility of choosing any band of operation. The antenna is experimentally verified.

1. Xiang, Wei, Kan Zheng, and Xuemin Shen, 5G Mobile Communications, Springer, 2016.

2. Ahmed, Abdulsattar M., Salim Abdullah Hasan, and Sayf A. Majeed, "5G mobile systems, challenges and technologies: A survey," Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 97, No. 11, 3214-3226, 2019.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.3256485 Google Scholar

3. Biradar, Santosh Bharat and Giri Gundu Hallur, "Economic implication of spectrum bands used in 5G: A multicountry study of spectrum allocation," 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), 584-590, Chiangrai, Thailand, Mar. 2022.
doi:10.1109/dasa54658.2022.9765228

4. Liu, Duixian, Wonbin Hong, Theodore S. Rappaport, Cyril Luxey, and Wei Hong, "What will 5G antennas and propagation be?," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 12, 6205-6212, Dec. 2017.
doi:10.1109/tap.2017.2774707 Google Scholar

5. Suganya, E., T. Anita Jones Mary Pushpa, and T. Prabhu, "Advancements in patch antenna design for sub-6 GHz 5G smartphone application: A comprehensive review," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 137, No. 4, 2217-2252, Aug. 2024.
doi:10.1007/s11277-024-11484-7 Google Scholar

6. Liang, Qiuyan, Hanieh Aliakbari, and Buon Kiong Lau, "Co-designed millimeter-wave and sub-6 GHz antenna for 5G smartphones," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 10, 1995-1999, Oct. 2022.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2022.3187782 Google Scholar

7. Kumar, Ashish, Gurmeet Singh, Muhannad K. Abdulhameed, Sarah R. Hashim, and Ahmed J. A. Al-Gburi, "Development of fractal 5G MIMO antenna for sub 6 GHz wireless automotive applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 130, 121-128, 2024.
doi:10.2528/pierm24102403 Google Scholar

8. Dhananjeyan, Rajendran, Mohit Pant, Kumarasamy Vishalatchi, Subramaniyan Janarthanan, Ponnusamy Sukumar, Dhanushkodi Siva Sundhara Raja, and Dhandapani Rajeshkumar, "High-performance compact antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G MIMO applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 157, 57-63, 2025.
doi:10.2528/pierc25051001 Google Scholar

9. Ciydem, Mehmet and Emre A. Miran, "Dual-polarization wideband sub-6 GHz suspended patch antenna for 5G base station," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1142-1146, Jul. 2020.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2020.2991967 Google Scholar

10. Alieldin, Ahmed, Yi Huang, Manoj Stanley, Sumin David Joseph, and Dajun Lei, "A 5G MIMO antenna for broadcast and traffic communication topologies based on pseudo inverse synthesis," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 65935-65944, 2018.
doi:10.1109/access.2018.2878639 Google Scholar

11. Xue, Kun, Dong Yang, Chaozong Guo, Huiqing Zhai, Hongkun Li, and Yi Zeng, "A dual-polarized filtering base-station antenna with compact size for 5G applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 8, 1316-1320, Aug. 2020.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2020.2998871 Google Scholar

12. Liu, Xuekang, Benito Sanz-Izquierdo, Haiwei Zhang, Steven Gao, Wei Hu, Xue-Xia Yang, and Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, "Differentially fed dual-band base station antenna with multimode resonance and high selectivity for 5G applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 1, 256-266, 2024.
doi:10.1109/tap.2023.3322198 Google Scholar

13. Ta, Son Xuat, Hosung Choo, and Ikmo Park, "Broadband printed-dipole antenna and its arrays for 5G applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2183-2186, May 2017.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2017.2703850 Google Scholar

14. Fan, Fang-Fang, Qing-Lin Chen, Yun-Xue Xu, Xiao-Fei Zhao, Ji-Chao Feng, and Ze-Hong Yan, "A wideband compact printed dipole antenna array with SICL feeding network for 5G application," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 2, 283-287, Feb. 2023.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2022.3209326 Google Scholar

15. Karthikeya, Gulur Sadananda, Shiban K. Koul, Ajay K. Poddar, and Ulrich Rohde, "Ultra-compact orthogonal pattern diversity antenna module for 5G smartphones," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 63, No. 8, 2003-2012, 2021.
doi:10.1002/mop.32378 Google Scholar

16. Zhang, Xuan, Yong-Chang Jiao, Zi-Bin Weng, Yi-Xuan Zhang, and Shu Feng, "Wideband magneto-electric dipole antenna with a claw shaped reflector for 5G communication systems," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 61, No. 9, 2098-2104, 2019.
doi:10.1002/mop.31869 Google Scholar

17. Sun, Kai, Deqiang Yang, and Sihao Liu, "A wideband hybrid feeding circularly polarized magneto-electric dipole antenna for 5G Wi-Fi," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 60, No. 8, 1837-1842, 2018.
doi:10.1002/mop.31259 Google Scholar

18. Feng, Botao, Lei Li, Qingsheng Zeng, and Kwok L. Chung, "A wideband antenna using metasurface for the 2G/3G/LTE/5G communications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 60, No. 10, 2482-2487, 2018.
doi:10.1002/mop.31387 Google Scholar

19. Khan, Zakir, Muhammad Hunain Memon, Saeed Ur Rahman, Muhammad Sajjad, Fujiang Lin, and Liguo Sun, "A single-fed multiband antenna for WLAN and 5G applications," Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 21, 6332, 2020.
doi:10.3390/s20216332 Google Scholar

20. Zhou, Gao-Nan, Bao-Hua Sun, Qiu-Yan Liang, Shao-Tong Wu, Yu-Hang Yang, and Yuan-Ming Cai, "Triband dual-polarized shared-aperture antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G base station applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 1, 97-108, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.1109/tap.2020.3016406 Google Scholar

21. Elechi, P. and P. O. Richard John, "Improved multiband rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 5G application," Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), Vol. 14, No. 2, 7-14, 2022.
doi:10.54554/jtec.2022.14.02.002 Google Scholar

22. He, Donglin, Yikai Chen, and Shiwen Yang, "A low-profile triple-band shared-aperture antenna array for 5G base station applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 4, 2732-2739, 2022.
doi:10.1109/tap.2021.3137486 Google Scholar

23. https://www.poynting.tech.

24. https://www.taoglas.com.

25. Garg, R., P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, 399-402, Artech House, 2001.

26. Wheeler, H. A., "Transmission-line properties of parallel strips separated by a dielectric sheet," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 13, No. 2, 172-185, 1965.
doi:10.1109/tmtt.1965.1125962 Google Scholar

27. Ghosh, R. P., K. Patra, B. Gupta, and S. K. Chowdhury, "Accurate formula to determine resonant frequency of double sided printed dipole antenna," IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 64, No. 3, 331-336, 2018.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2017.1355749 Google Scholar

28. Sarkar, Tarit, Rajendra Prosad Ghosh, and Radha Raman Pal, "Closed form expression to predict the resonant frequencies of a dual band asymmetric double-sided printed dipole antenna," International Journal of Electronics, Vol. 113, No. 1, 24-38, 2026.
doi:10.1080/00207217.2025.2493122 Google Scholar

29. Valagiannopoulos, C. A., N. L. Tsitsas, and G. Fikioris, "Convergence analysis and oscillations in the method of fictitious sources applied to dielectric scattering problems," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1-10, 2012.
doi:10.1364/josaa.29.000001 Google Scholar

30. Kakulia, D., K. Tavzarashvili, G. Ghvedashvili, D. Karkashadze, and C. Hafner, "The method of auxiliary sources approach to modeling of electromagnetic field scattering on two-dimensional periodic structures," Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Vol. 8, No. 8, 1609-1618, 2011.
doi:10.1166/jctn.2011.1855 Google Scholar

31. CST Corporation, CST Microwave Studio, [Online]. Available: http://www.cst.com, 2022.

Dr. Tarit Sarkar

Dr. Rajendra Prosad Ghosh

Dr. Radha Raman Pal