volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In modern wireless communication systems, it is essential to use a bandpass filter at the front end of the radio receiver to limit the bandwidth of the signal before it is passed to the rest of the receiver. This study presents the design, fabrication, and analysis of a compact dual-band metamaterial bandpass filter (BPF) for modern wireless communication systems. The proposed structure evolves from an initial open-loop resonator design and integrates metamaterial unit cells to significantly enhance frequency selectivity, reduce inser-tion loss, and improve impedance matching. To further enhance the performance, defected ground structures were incorporated, resulting in refined bandwidth control and supe-rior return-loss characteristics. The final filter operates at center frequencies of 2.4 and 3.95 GHz, achieving low insertion losses of 0.6 and 0.9 dB, along with return losses of 27.6 and 32.9 dB, respectively. Its compact size of 20 × 18.46 mm² corresponds to an electrical size of (0.33 × 0.25)λ_g². Owing to its excellent electrical performance and miniaturized form, the proposed filter is suitable for wireless communication applications, including GPS, Blue-tooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 5G, and sub-6 GHz bands, making it ideal for modern systems, such as the Internet of Things (IoT).

1. Soori, Mohsen, Behrooz Arezoo, and Roza Dastres, "Internet of Things for smart factories in Industry 4.0, a review," Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, Vol. 3, 192-204, 2023.
doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.006 Google Scholar

2. Chen, Baotong, Jiafu Wan, Lei Shu, Peng Li, Mithun Mukherjee, and Boxing Yin, "Smart factory of Industry 4.0: Key technologies, application case, and challenges," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 6505-6519, 2017.
doi:10.1109/access.2017.2783682 Google Scholar

3. Udhayanan, Senathipathi and Krishnan Shambavi, "Compact single notch UWB bandpass filter with metamaterial and SIW technique," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 117, 41-46, 2024.
doi:10.2528/pierl23113004 Google Scholar

4. Marqués, Ricardo, Ferran Martín, and Mario Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications, Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.

5. Cui, Tie Jun, D. Smith, and Ruopeng Liu, Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications, Springer, New York, 2010.

6. Troudi, Zied and Lotfi Osman, "Analysis and design of band-pass filter based on metamaterial," 2019 IEEE 19th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS), 1-4, Hammamet, Tunisia, 2019.
doi:10.1109/MMS48040.2019.9157260

7. Jindal, Swati and Jigyasa Sharma, "Review of metamaterials in microstrip technology for filter applications," International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 54, No. 3, 48-54, Sep. 2012.
doi:10.5120/8548-2108 Google Scholar

8. Yan, Sen, Juncheng Bao, Ilja Ocket, Bart Nauwelaers, and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch, "Metamaterial inspired miniaturized SIW resonator for sensor applications," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 283, 313-316, Nov. 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.sna.2018.10.013 Google Scholar

9. Crnojević-Bengin, Vesna, Advances in Multi-band Microstrip Filters, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
doi:10.1017/cbo9781139976763

10. Jarry, Pierre and Jacques Beneat, Advanced Design Techniques and Realizations of Microwave and RF Filters, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
doi:10.1002/9780470294178

11. Wu, Bang, Ke Song, Leiyang Wang, Longju Yi, Shifeng Li, Yunfan Li, Kewen Zhu, Yao Cai, Wanghui Zou, and Feng Liu, "A compact all-frequency absorptive dual-band bandpass filter with T-shaped transmission line absorption branches," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 177, 155228, Apr. 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155228 Google Scholar

12. Pradhan, Nrusingha Charan, Slawomir Koziel, Rusan Kumar Barik, Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska, and Sholampettai Subramanian Karthikeyan, "Miniaturized dual-band SIW-based bandpass filters using open-loop ring resonators," Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 18, 3974, Sep. 2023.
doi:10.3390/electronics12183974 Google Scholar

13. Akkader, S., H. Bouyghf, A. Baghdad, A. Kchairi Belbachir, and M. El Bakkali, "Fabrication of compact substrate integrated waveguide dual band bandpass filter using complementary split-ring resonators for C and X band applications," e-Prime --- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, Vol. 9, 100739, Sep. 2024.
doi:10.1016/j.prime.2024.100739 Google Scholar

14. Weng, Min-Hang, Chun-Yueh Huang, Shi-Wei Dai, and Ru-Yuan Yang, "An improved stopband dual-band filter using quad-mode stub-loaded resonators," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 2, 142, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.3390/electronics10020142 Google Scholar

15. Islam, Md. Rashedul, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohamed S. Soliman, Mohd Hafiz Baharuddin, Kamarulzaman Mat, Asraf Mohamed Moubark, and Sami H. A. Almalki, "Metamaterial based on an inverse double V loaded complementary square split ring resonator for radar and Wi-Fi applications," Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1, 21782, Nov. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01275-6 Google Scholar

16. Islam, Md. Rashedul, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Samsuzzaman, and Haslina Arshad, "Penta band single negative meta-atom absorber designed on square enclosed star-shaped modified split ring resonator for S-, C-, X- and Ku-bands microwave applications," Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1, 8784, 2021.
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87958-6 Google Scholar

17. Narayan, Shiv and Arun Kesavan, Handbook of Metamaterial-derived Frequency Selective Surfaces, Vol. 3, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2022.
doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6441-0

18. Luukkonen, Olli, Stanislav I. Maslovski, and Sergei A. Tretyakov, "A stepwise Nicolson-Ross-Weir-based material parameter extraction method," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 10, 1295-1298, 2011.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2011.2175897 Google Scholar

19. Edries, Mohamed, Hesham A. Mohamed, Sherif S. Hekal, Mohamed A. El-Morsy, and Hala A. Mansour, "A new compact quad-band metamaterial absorber using interlaced I/square resonators: Design, fabrication, and characterization," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 143723-143733, 2020.
doi:10.1109/access.2020.3009904 Google Scholar

20. Lim, Teik-Cheng, Mechanics of Metamaterials with Negative Parameters, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2020.
doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6446-8

21. Ajewole, Bukola, Pradeep Kumar, and Thomas Afullo, "I-shaped metamaterial using SRR for multi-band wireless communication," Crystals, Vol. 12, No. 4, 559, Apr. 2022.
doi:10.3390/cryst12040559 Google Scholar

22. Liang, Gen-Zhu and Fu-Chang Chen, "A compact dual-wideband bandpass filter based on open-/short-circuited stubs," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 20488-20492, 2020.
doi:10.1109/access.2020.2968518 Google Scholar

23. Li, Chen, Fu-Chang Chen, Jun-Jie Yan, and Rui-Cong Lin, "In-line dual-band bandpass filter with multiple transmission zeros based on triplet and strongly coupled resonator pairs," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 192, 155696, Mar. 2025.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2025.155696 Google Scholar

24. Chu, Peng, Mengjie Luo, Wenyu Zhang, Fang Zhu, Leilei Liu, and Ke Wu, "Dual band dual mode substrate integrated waveguide filter with mixed coupling," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, Vol. 34, No. 11, 1239-1242, Nov. 2024.
doi:10.1109/lmwt.2024.3462729 Google Scholar

Dr. Youssef Khardioui

Dr. Younes Siraj

Dr. Kaoutar El Bakkar

Dr. Ali El Alami

Dr. Mohammed El Ghzaoui

Dr. Youssef Mejdoub