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2026-10-09
EBG-Integrated Microstrip Antenna Sensor for Moisture and Iron Screening in Andrographis Paniculata Powder
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 173, 430-444, 2026
Abstract
This study presents an electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG)-integrated rectangular microstrip antenna fabricated on a 0.5-mm-thick polyester Mylar substrate for screening controlled nominal water-addition and nominal iron-powder addition conditions in Andrographis paniculata powder. The sensing structure comprises a rectangular microstrip patch, a rectangular ring stub, and a 7 × 1 transverse-electric (TE)-polarized woodpile EBG array designed for operation at 2.50 GHz. The antenna-to-EBG separation was 10 mm. The fabricated prototype had a measured S11 of -13.94 dB at 2.50 GHz, a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 2.488-2.512 GHz (0.96%), and a measured gain of 5.16 dBi. Compared with the baseline antenna, the EBG-integrated configuration increased the measured gain by 1.35 dBi. Powder samples were prepared at controlled nominal water-addition and nominal iron-powder addition levels and evaluated using a one-port microwave reflection measurement. At 2.50 GHz, the mean reflected-power response of the EBG-integrated antenna decreased from 0.02667 mW at the nominal 0% water-addition condition to 0.00063 mW at the nominal 100% condition. For the nominal iron-powder addition experiment, the corresponding mean reflected-power response decreased from 0.01954 mW at 0% to 0.00061 mW at 100%. The results are reported as mean±standard deviation from repeated measurements under the controlled setup. The proposed system shows potential as a compact and nondestructive screening platform for controlled herbal-powder conditions. Because water-addition levels were not verified by reference moisture analysis and the iron-powder addition levels were not verified by independent elemental analysis, the results should not be interpreted as quantitative moisture measurements or quantitative iron-concentration measurements. The proposed system is intended for screening controlled nominal iron-powder addition conditions. Future work should establish calibration against reference analytical methods and evaluate independently prepared sample batches measured on different days.
Citation
Watcharaphon Naktong, Natchayathorn Wattikornsirikul, Sommart Promput, Suwat Sakulchat, Nirun Vipunngeun, and Sorachat Chaithanee, "EBG-Integrated Microstrip Antenna Sensor for Moisture and Iron Screening in Andrographis Paniculata Powder," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 173, 430-444, 2026.
doi:10.2528/PIERC26070107
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