volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work is devoted to the development of a high gain Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) reflector backed monopole antenna using Machine Learning (ML) techniques for 5G applications. It analyzes and solves the complexity of the determination of the optimum position of the FSS reflector and the ground dimension of the monopole in this composite antenna structure since there are no solid and standard formulations for the computation of these two parameters. ML modelling is involved in the development process for the sake of gain enhancement. It is applied to get the optimum position of the FSS reflector layer and the ground dimension of the monopole antenna. The proposed antenna structure is 50 mm × 50 mm, implemented on a Rogers 5880 substrate (thickness = 1.6 mm). Two different patch antenna structures, with and without FSS, are developed and considered in the current work. The antenna performance in terms of operating frequency, return loss, and gain is analysed using the finite element methods. The design is optimized for a targeting frequency band operating at 6 GHz (5.53 GHz to 6.36 GHz), which is suitable for 5G Sub-6 GHz applications. The obtained results show that the integration of the FSS layer below the antenna structure provides a simple and efficient method to obtain a low-profile and high-gain antenna. Finally, the proposed design is fabricated and measured, and a good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained. A comparison with similar studies in the literature is presented and shows that the current design is more compact in size, and the obtained radiation efficiency and gain are higher than other designs.

1. Zhao, W.-J., J. L.-W. Li, and K. Xiao, "Analysis of radiation characteristics of conformal microstrip arrays using adaptive integral method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 60, No. 2, 1176-1181, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2173135 Google Scholar

2. Li, J. L.-W., Y.-N. Li, T.-S. Yeo, J. R. Mosig, and O. J. F. Martin, "Addendum: ``A broadband and high-gain metamaterial microstrip antenna''," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 96, 164101, 2010; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 99, 159901, 2011.
doi:10.1063/1.3396984 Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 99, 159901, 2011&doi=10.1063/1.3396984' target='_blank'> Google Scholar

3. Abdulhasan, R. A., R. Alias, K. N. Ramli, F. C. Seman, and R. A. Abd-Alhameed, "High gain CPW-fed UWB planar monopole antenna-based compact uniplanar frequency selective surface for microwave imaging," Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., Vol. 29, No. 8, Art. No. e21757, 2019. Google Scholar

4. Zhao, W.-J., L.-W. Li, and K. Xiao, "Analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation from finite microstrip structures using an EFIE-PMCHWT formulation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 7, 2468-2473, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2048867 Google Scholar

5. Yuan, N., T. S. Yeo, X. C. Nie, Y. B. Gan, and L.-W. Li, "Analysis of probe-fed conformal microstrip antennas on finite ground plane and substrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 554-563, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.863115 Google Scholar

6. Yin, W.-Y., X.-T. Dong, J. F. Mao, and L.-W. Li, "Average power handling capability of finite-ground thin film microstrip lines over ultrawide frequency ranges," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., Vol. 15, No. 10, 715-717, 2005.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2005.856829 Google Scholar

7. Gao, S.-C., L.-W. Li, T.-S. Yeo, and M.-S. Leong, "A broad-band dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna with aperture coupling," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 51, No. 4, 898-900, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.811080 Google Scholar

8. Yuan, N., T.-S. Yeo, X. C. Nie, and L.-W. Li, "A fast analysis of scattering and radiation of large microstrip antenna arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 51, No. 9, 2218-2226, 2003. A correction is also made here (appearing in IEEE T-AP, Vol. 52, No. 7, 1921, Jul. 2004.).
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.811082 Google Scholar

9. Tahir, F. A., T. Arshad, S. Ullah, and J. A. Flint, "A novel FSS for gain enhancement of printed antennas in UWB frequency spectrum," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 59, No. 10, 2698-2704, Oct. 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.30789 Google Scholar

10. Monavar, F. M. and N. Komjani, "Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using jerusalem cross-shaped frequency selective surfaces by invasive weed optimization approach," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 121, 103-120, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11051305 Google Scholar

11. Yuan, Y., X. Xi, and Y. Zhao, "Compact UWB FSS reflector for antenna gain enhancement," IET Microw., Antennas Propag., Vol. 13, No. 10, 1749-1755, Aug. 2019.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2019.0083 Google Scholar

12. Rezaee, P., M. Tayarani, and R. Knöchel, "Active learning method for the determination of coupling factor and external Q in microstrip filter design," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 459-479, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11071901 Google Scholar

13. Al-Gburi, J. A., I. B. M. Ibrahim, M. Y. Zeain, and Z. Zakaria, "Compact size and high gain of CPW-fed UWB strawberry artistic shaped printed monopole antennas using FSS single layer reflector," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 92697-92707, 2020. Google Scholar

14. Asimakis, N. P., I. S. Karanasiou, and N. K. Uzunoglu, "Non-invasive microwave radiometric system for intracranial applications: A study using the conformal L-notch microstrip patch antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 83-101, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER10122208 Google Scholar

15. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, and D. B. Lin, "Low profile dual band H-slotted DGS based antenna design using ANN for K/Ku band applications," 2021 8th Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Eng. ICEEE 2021, 2021. Google Scholar

16. Nakmouche, M. F., H. Taher, D. E. Fawzy, and A. M. M. A. Allam, "Development of a wideband substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter using H-slotted DGS," The 6th IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), Oct. 2019. Google Scholar

17. Nakmoucheand, M. F. and M. Nassim, "Impact of metamaterials DGS in PIFA antennas for IoT terminals design," The 6th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing and Their Applications, Nov. 2019. Google Scholar

18. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, H. Taher, and M. F. A. Sree, "Dual band SIW patch antenna based on H-slotted DGS for Ku band application," The 7th IEEE International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Apr. 2020. Google Scholar

19. Munk, B. A., Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, Wiley, 2000.
doi:10.1002/0471723770

20. Sakran, F. and Y. Neve-Oz, "Absorbing frequency-selective surface for the mm wave range," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 8, 2649-2655, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.924701 Google Scholar

21. Vardaxoglou, J. C., Frequency Selective Surfaces: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 1997.

22. Kim, J. H., C.-H. Ahn, and J.-K. Bang, "Antenna gain enhancement using a holey superstrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 64, No. 3, 1164-1167, Jan. 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2518650 Google Scholar

23. Sarkhel, A. and S. R. B. Chaudhuri, "Enhanced-gain printed slot antenna using an electric metasurface superstrate," Appl. Phys. A, Vol. 122, 934, 2016.
doi:10.1007/s00339-016-0464-2 Google Scholar

24. Fernandes, E. M. F., M. W. B. da Silva, L. da Silva Briggs, A. L. P. de Siqueira Campos, H. X. de Araújo, I. R. S. Casella, C. E. Capovilla, V. P. R. M. Souza, and L. J. de Matos, "2.4-5.8 GHz dual-band patch antenna with FSS reflector for radiation parameters enhancement," AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 108, 235-241, 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.06.021 Google Scholar

25. Tilak, G. B. G., S. K. Kotamraju, B. T. P. Madhav, K. Ch. Sri Kavya, and M. Venkateswara Rao, "Dual sensed high gain heart shaped monopole antenna with planar artificial magnetic conductor," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Jun. 2020. Google Scholar

26. Zhai, H., K. Zhang, S. Yang, and D. Feng, "A low-profile dual-band dual-polarized antenna with an AMC surface for WLAN applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 16, 2692-2695, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2741465 Google Scholar

27. Liu, Q., H. Liu, W. He, and S. He, "A low-profile dual-band dual-polarized antenna with an AMC reflector for 5G communications," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 24072-24080, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2970473 Google Scholar

28. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, D. B. Lin, and M. F. A. Sree, "Development of H-slotted DGS based dual band antenna using ANN for 5G applications," 15th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag. (EuCap), 2021. Google Scholar

29. El Misilmani, H., T. Naous, and S. Al Khatib, "A review on the design and optimization of antennas using machine learning algorithms and techniques," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020. Google Scholar

30. Kumar, R., P. Kumar, S. Singh, and R. Vijay, "Fast and accurate synthesis of frequency reconfigurable slot antenna using back propagation network," AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 112, 152962, 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152962 Google Scholar

31. Alemaryeen, A. and S. Noghanian, "Crumpling effects and specific absorption rates of flexible AMC integrated antennas," IET Microw., Antennas Propag., Vol. 12, No. 4, 627-635, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0652 Google Scholar

32. Jiang, Z. H., Z. Cui, T. Yue, Y. Zhu, and D. H. Werner, "Compact, highly efficient, and fully flexible circularly polarized antenna enabled by silver nanowires for wireless body-area networks," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., Vol. 11, No. 4, 920-932, Aug. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2671841 Google Scholar

33. Abbasi, M. A. B., S. S. Nikolaou, M. A. Antoniades, M. N. Stevanovic, and P. Vryonides, "Compact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearable applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 65, No. 2, 453-463, Feb. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2635588 Google Scholar

34. Jiang, Z. H., D. E. Brocker, P. E. Sieber, and D. H. Werner, "A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body area network devices," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 62, No. 8, 4021-4030, Aug. 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2327650 Google Scholar

35. Raa, H. R., A. I. Abbosh, H. M. Al-Rizzo, and D. G. Rucker, "Flexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicine applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 61, No. 2, 524-531, Feb. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2223449 Google Scholar

36. Cook, B. S. and A. Shamim, "Utilizing wideband AMC structure for high-gain inkjet-printed antennas on lossy paper substrate," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 12, 76-79, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2240251 Google Scholar

37. Ashyap, A. Y. I., et al. "Compact and low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearable medical applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 16, 2550-2553, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2732355 Google Scholar

38. Poffelie, L. A. Y., P. J. Soh, S. Yan, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "A highfidelity all-textile UWB antenna with low back radiation for off-body WBAN applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 64, No. 2, 757-760, Feb. 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2510035 Google Scholar

39. Simorangkir, R. B. V. B., A. Kiourti, and K. P. Esselle, "UWB wearable antenna with a full ground plane based on PDMS-embedded conductive fabric," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 17, No. 3, 493-496, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2018.2797251 Google Scholar

Dr. Mohammed Farouk Nakmouche

Dr. Abdemegeed Mahmoud M. A. Allam

Dr. Diaa E. Fawzy

Prof. Ding-Bing Lin