Vol. 168
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 168 [2026] PIERC 167 [2026] PIERC 166 [2026] PIERC 165 [2026] PIERC 164 [2026] PIERC 163 [2026] PIERC 162 [2025] PIERC 161 [2025] PIERC 160 [2025] PIERC 159 [2025] PIERC 158 [2025] PIERC 157 [2025] PIERC 156 [2025] PIERC 155 [2025] PIERC 154 [2025] PIERC 153 [2025] PIERC 152 [2025] PIERC 151 [2025] PIERC 150 [2024] PIERC 149 [2024] PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2026-04-13
Formation of Multiple Electromagnetic Field Minima at Prescribed Locations
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 168, 217-224, 2026
Abstract
This study presents a method for generating multiple electromagnetic field minima in specified spatial regions. The relationship between the complex amplitudes of signals at receiving points and those of radiated signals is described using an S-parameter matrix. It is shown that the determination of the complex amplitudes of the radiated signals can be reduced to solving an underdetermined system of linear algebraic equations, which may be unstable because such a system can admit either infinitely many solutions or no solution. To address this issue, an optimization problem is formulated based on minimizing the squared error between the required and obtained electric field distributions. Its solution leads to a new system of linear algebraic equations, to which Tikhonov regularization is applied to ensure the stability and uniqueness of the solution. The proposed approach is validated by mathematical modeling for three electric field configurations, with the complex amplitudes of the radiated signals determined for each configuration. The modeling results confirm the correctness of the theoretical conclusions.
Citation
Denis Iuzvik, and Maksim Stepanov, "Formation of Multiple Electromagnetic Field Minima at Prescribed Locations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 168, 217-224, 2026.
doi:10.2528/PIERC26022601
References

1. Voudoukis, Nikolaos, "Performance analysis, characteristics, and simulation of digital QAM," European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2017.
doi:10.24018/ejece.2017.1.1.3        Google Scholar

2. Svensson, Arne, "An introduction to adaptive QAM modulation schemes for known and predicted channels," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 12, 2322-2336, 2007.
doi:10.1109/jproc.2007.904442        Google Scholar

3. Hansen, R., "Focal region characteristics of focused array antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 33, No. 12, 1328-1337, 1985.
doi:10.1109/tap.1985.1143539        Google Scholar

4. Iuzvik, Denis and Maksim Stepanov, "Formation of the maximum amplitude of the electric field strength using two one-dimensional linear antenna arrays located orthogonal to each other," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 38, No. 18, 2106-2123, 2024.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2024.2425708        Google Scholar

5. Iuzvik, Denis and Maksim Stepanov, "Ensuring the maximum amplitude of the electric field strength in given coordinates using a linear antenna array focused on a finite distance," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 38, No. 4, 411-427, 2024.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2024.2315063        Google Scholar

6. Schelkunoff, S. A., "A mathematical theory of linear arrays," The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, 80-107, 1943.
doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1943.tb01306.x        Google Scholar

7. Hansen, Robert C., Phased Array Antennas, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
doi:10.1002/0471224219

8. Capon, J., "High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1408-1418, 1969.
doi:10.1109/proc.1969.7278        Google Scholar

9. Frost, O. L., "An algorithm for linearly constrained adaptive array processing," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 60, No. 8, 926-935, 1972.
doi:10.1109/proc.1972.8817        Google Scholar

10. Carlson, B. D. and D. Willner, "Antenna pattern synthesis using weighted least squares," IEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation), Vol. 139, No. 1, 11-16, 1992.
doi:10.1049/ip-h-2.1992.0003

11. Lebret, H. and S. Boyd, "Antenna array pattern synthesis via convex optimization," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 45, No. 3, 526-532, 1997.
doi:10.1109/78.558465        Google Scholar

12. Pino, Marcos R., Rafael G. Ayestarán, Paolo Nepa, and Giuliano Manara, "An overview on synthesis techniques for near-field focused antennas," Recent Wireless Power Transfer Technologies, 2019.
doi:10.5772/intechopen.89600        Google Scholar

13. Ni, Haoran, Mahnoor Anjum, Deepak Mishra, and Aruna Seneviratne, "Energy-efficient near-field beamforming: A review on practical channel models," Energies, Vol. 18, No. 11, 2966, 2025.
doi:10.3390/en18112966        Google Scholar

14. Nepa, Paolo and Alice Buffi, "Near-field-focused microwave antennas: Near-field shaping and implementation," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 59, No. 3, 42-53, 2017.
doi:10.1109/map.2017.2686118        Google Scholar

15. Chou, Hsi-Tseng, Nan-Nan Wang, Hsi-Hsir Chou, and Jing-Hui Qiu, "An effective synthesis of planar array antennas for producing near-field contoured patterns," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 9, 3224-3233, 2011.
doi:10.1109/tap.2011.2161554        Google Scholar

16. Buttazzoni, Giulia, Fulvio Babich, Stefano Pastore, Francesca Vatta, and Massimiliano Comisso, "Gaussian approach for the synthesis of periodic and aperiodic antenna arrays: Method review and design guidelines," Sensors, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2343, 2021.
doi:10.3390/s21072343        Google Scholar

17. Yang, Sung Jun and Young Dam Kim, "An accurate near-field focusing of array antenna based on near-field active element pattern and infinitesimal dipole modeling," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 143771-143781, 2021.
doi:10.1109/access.2021.3120697        Google Scholar

18. Palmeri, Roberta, Giada Maria Battaglia, Andrea Francesco Morabito, Sandra Costanzo, Francesca Venneri, and Tommaso Isernia, "Fault diagnosis of realistic arrays from a reduced number of phaseless near-field measurements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 9, 7206-7219, 2023.
doi:10.1109/tap.2023.3293004        Google Scholar

19. Iuzvik, D. and M. Stepanov, "Focusing of the electromagnetic field in several given areas of space," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 113, 11-22, 2022.
doi:10.2528/pierm22070704        Google Scholar

20. Skolnik, M. I., Radar Handbook, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2012.

21. Strang, Gilbert, Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 4th Ed., 2006.

22. Gantmakher, F. R., The Theory of Matrices, LitRes, Moscow, Russia, 2016 (in Russian).

23. Ben-Israel, Adi and Thomas N. E. Greville, Generalized Inverses: Theory and Applications, Springer, 2003.

24. Tikhonov, A. N. and V. Y. Arsenin, Solutions of Ill-posed Problems, 1977.

25. Brandwood, D. H., "A complex gradient operator and its application in adaptive array theory," IEE Proceedings F (Communications, Radar and Signal Processing), Vol. 130, No. 1, 11-16, 1983.
doi:10.1049/ip-f-1.1983.0003