volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work is concerned with generating the digital elevation models (DEMs) from the SAR images of the region of interest using multiple sensor arrays that are fixed on the distributed satellites. We present an exact estimate of the unwrapped phase and the relationship between the unwrapped phase and the terrain height. The optimum scheme that jointly processes the signals from all sensors is based on the model of the multibaseline joint block vector. The method can simultaneously coregister the SAR images, phase unwrapping and DEM generation in the presence of the large coregistration errors. The performance of our approach is verified by a series of simulation experiments based on the distributed sensor arrays.

1. Pritt, M. D. and J. S. Shipman, "Least-squares two-dimensional phase unwrapping using FFT's," IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 32, No. 3, 706-708, 1994.
doi:10.1109/36.297989 Google Scholar

2. Xu, W. and I. Cumming, "A region-growing algorithm for InSAR phase unwrapping," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 37, No. 1, 124-134, 1999.
doi:10.1109/36.739143 Google Scholar

3. Goldstein, M., H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, "Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping," Radio Science, Vol. 23, 713-720, 1988.
doi:10.1029/RS023i004p00713 Google Scholar

4. Ghiglia, D. C. and D. E.Wahl, "Interferometric synthetic aperture radar terrain elevation mapping from multiple observations," Proc. 6th IEEE Digital Signal Process. Workshop, 33-36, Albuquerque, NM, 1994. Google Scholar

5. Martorella, M. and B. Littleton, "Multibaseline cross-track SAR interferometry using interpolated arrays," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron Syst., Vol. 41, No. 4, 1472-1481, 2005. Google Scholar

6. Kim, M. G. and H. D. Griffiths, "Phase unwrapping of multibaseline interferometry using Kalman filtering," Proc. 7th IEE Int. Conf. Image Process. and Appl., 813-817, London, U.K., 1999. Google Scholar

7. Fornaro, G., A. M. Guarnieri, et al. "Maximum likelihood multi-baseline SAR interferometry," Proc. IEE-Radar Sonar Navig., Vol. 153, No. 3, 279-288, 2006.
doi:10.1049/ip-rsn:20045113 Google Scholar

8. Ferretti, A., C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "Multibaseline InSAR DEM reconstruction: The wavelet approach," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 37, No. 2, 705-715, 1999.
doi:10.1109/36.752187 Google Scholar

9. Qu, Y., G. S. Liao, S. Q. Zhu, and X. Y. Liu, "Hybrid array antenna for broadband millimeter-wave applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 1-10, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08060301 Google Scholar

10. Li, W. T. and X. W. Shi, "An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for pattern synthesis of phased arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, 319-332, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08030904 Google Scholar

11. Zitova, B. and J. Flusser, "Image registration methods: A survey," Image and Vision Computing, Vol. 21, No. 11, 977-1000, 2003.
doi:10.1016/S0262-8856(03)00137-9 Google Scholar

12. Brown, L. G., "A survey of image registration techniques," ACM Computing Surveys, 326-376, 1992. Google Scholar

13. Scheiber, R. and A. Moreira, "Coregistration of interferometric SAR images using spectral diversity," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 38, No. 5, 2179-2191, 2000.
doi:10.1109/36.868876 Google Scholar

14. Moccia, A., S. Esposito, and M. Derrico, "Height measurement accuracy of ERS-1 SAR interferometry," EARSel Adv. Remote Sens., Vol. 3, No. 1, 94-108, 1994. Google Scholar

15. Rosen, P. A., S. Hensley, I. R. Joughin, F. K. Li, S. N. Madsen, E. Rodriguez, and R. M. Goldstein, "Synthetic aperture radar interferometry," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 88, No. 3, 333-382, 2000.
doi:10.1109/5.838084 Google Scholar

16. Bamler, R. and P. Hartl, "Synthetic aperture radar interferometry," Inv. Prob., Vol. 14, 1-54, 1998.
doi:10.1088/0266-5611/14/4/001 Google Scholar

17. Lorenz, R. G. and S. P. Boyd, "Robust minimum variance beamforming," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., Vol. 53, No. 5, 1684-1696, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TSP.2005.845436 Google Scholar

18. Vorobyov, S., A. B. Gershman, et al. "Robust adaptive beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: A solution to the signal mismatch problem," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., Vol. 51, 313-324, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TSP.2002.806865 Google Scholar

19. Zhang, X. and D. Xu, "Deterministic blind beamforming for electromagnetic vector sensor array," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 363-377, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08080402 Google Scholar

20. Panduro, M. A., "Design of beam-forming networks for scannable multi-beam antenna arrays using corps," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 173-188, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08070403 Google Scholar

21. Gu, Y. J., Z. G. Shi, and K. S. Chen, "Robust adaptive beamforming for a class of gaussian steering vector mismatch," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 81, 315-328, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08010202 Google Scholar

22. Mao, Z. J., G. S. Liao, et al. "InSAR interferometric phase estimation based on optimum data vector," Proc. IET - Radar Sonar Navig.. Google Scholar

23. Mao, Z. J., G. S. Liao, et al. "Optimum data vector approach to multibaseline SAR interferometry phase unwrapping," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Letts., Submitted for publication. Google Scholar

24. Reed, I. S., J. D. Mallett, and L. E. Brennan, "Rapid convergence rate in adaptive array," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron Syst., Vol. 10, 853-863, 1974.
doi:10.1109/TAES.1974.307893 Google Scholar

25. Li, Z. F., Z. Bao, and Z. Y. Suo, "A joint image coregistration, phase noise suppression, and phase unwrapping method based on subspace projection for multibaseline InSAR systems ," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 45, No. 3, 584-591, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.888143 Google Scholar

Dr. Zhijie Mao

Dr. Guisheng Liao