Vol. 69
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERM 126 [2024] PIERM 125 [2024] PIERM 124 [2024] PIERM 123 [2024] PIERM 122 [2023] PIERM 121 [2023] PIERM 120 [2023] PIERM 119 [2023] PIERM 118 [2023] PIERM 117 [2023] PIERM 116 [2023] PIERM 115 [2023] PIERM 114 [2022] PIERM 113 [2022] PIERM 112 [2022] PIERM 111 [2022] PIERM 110 [2022] PIERM 109 [2022] PIERM 108 [2022] PIERM 107 [2022] PIERM 106 [2021] PIERM 105 [2021] PIERM 104 [2021] PIERM 103 [2021] PIERM 102 [2021] PIERM 101 [2021] PIERM 100 [2021] PIERM 99 [2021] PIERM 98 [2020] PIERM 97 [2020] PIERM 96 [2020] PIERM 95 [2020] PIERM 94 [2020] PIERM 93 [2020] PIERM 92 [2020] PIERM 91 [2020] PIERM 90 [2020] PIERM 89 [2020] PIERM 88 [2020] PIERM 87 [2019] PIERM 86 [2019] PIERM 85 [2019] PIERM 84 [2019] PIERM 83 [2019] PIERM 82 [2019] PIERM 81 [2019] PIERM 80 [2019] PIERM 79 [2019] PIERM 78 [2019] PIERM 77 [2019] PIERM 76 [2018] PIERM 75 [2018] PIERM 74 [2018] PIERM 73 [2018] PIERM 72 [2018] PIERM 71 [2018] PIERM 70 [2018] PIERM 69 [2018] PIERM 68 [2018] PIERM 67 [2018] PIERM 66 [2018] PIERM 65 [2018] PIERM 64 [2018] PIERM 63 [2018] PIERM 62 [2017] PIERM 61 [2017] PIERM 60 [2017] PIERM 59 [2017] PIERM 58 [2017] PIERM 57 [2017] PIERM 56 [2017] PIERM 55 [2017] PIERM 54 [2017] PIERM 53 [2017] PIERM 52 [2016] PIERM 51 [2016] PIERM 50 [2016] PIERM 49 [2016] PIERM 48 [2016] PIERM 47 [2016] PIERM 46 [2016] PIERM 45 [2016] PIERM 44 [2015] PIERM 43 [2015] PIERM 42 [2015] PIERM 41 [2015] PIERM 40 [2014] PIERM 39 [2014] PIERM 38 [2014] PIERM 37 [2014] PIERM 36 [2014] PIERM 35 [2014] PIERM 34 [2014] PIERM 33 [2013] PIERM 32 [2013] PIERM 31 [2013] PIERM 30 [2013] PIERM 29 [2013] PIERM 28 [2013] PIERM 27 [2012] PIERM 26 [2012] PIERM 25 [2012] PIERM 24 [2012] PIERM 23 [2012] PIERM 22 [2012] PIERM 21 [2011] PIERM 20 [2011] PIERM 19 [2011] PIERM 18 [2011] PIERM 17 [2011] PIERM 16 [2011] PIERM 14 [2010] PIERM 13 [2010] PIERM 12 [2010] PIERM 11 [2010] PIERM 10 [2009] PIERM 9 [2009] PIERM 8 [2009] PIERM 7 [2009] PIERM 6 [2009] PIERM 5 [2008] PIERM 4 [2008] PIERM 3 [2008] PIERM 2 [2008] PIERM 1 [2008]
2018-06-15
Automated Monitoring of Livestock Behavior Using Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radars
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 69, 151-160, 2018
Abstract
In animal production, behavioral selection is becoming increasingly important to improve the docility of livestock. Several behavioral traits, including motion, are experimentally recorded in order to characterize the reactivity of animals and investigate its genetic determinism. Behavioral analyses are often time consuming because large numbers of animals have to be compared. For this reason, automatization is needed to develop high throughput data recording and efficient phenotyping. Here we introduce a new method to monitor the position and motion of an individual sheep using a 24 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar in a classical experimental paradigm called the arena test. The measurement method is non-invasive, does not require equipping animals with electronic tags, and offers a depth measurement resolution less than 10 cm. Parasitic echoes (or ``clutters'') that could alter the sheep backscattered signal are removed by using the singular value decomposition analysis. In order to enhance the clutters mitigation, the direction-of-arrivals of electromagnetic backscattered signals are derived from applying the MUltiple Signals Classification algorithm. We discuss how the proposed automatized monitoring of individual sheep could be applied to a wider range of species and experimental contexts for animal behavior research.
Citation
Dominique Henry, Herve Aubert, Edmond Ricard, Dominique Hazard, and Mathieu Lihoreau, "Automated Monitoring of Livestock Behavior Using Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radars," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 69, 151-160, 2018.
doi:10.2528/PIERM18040404
References

1. Branson, K., A. A. Robie, J. Bender, P. Perona, and M. H. Dickinson, "High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila," Nature Methods, Vol. 6, 451, May 2009.
doi:10.1038/nmeth.1328

2. Weissbrod, A., A. Shapiro, G. Vasserman, L. Edry, M. Dayan, A. Yitzhaky, L. Hertzberg, O. Feinerman, and T. Kimchi, "Automated long-term tracking and social behavioural phenotyping of animal colonies within a semi-natural environment," Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Jun. 2013.
doi:10.1038/ncomms3018

3. Woodgate, J. L., J. C. Makinson, K. S. Lim, A. M. Reynolds, and L. Chittka, "Life-long radar tracking of bumblebees," PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, No. 8, 1-22, 2016.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160333

4. Strandburg-Peshkin, A., D. R. Farine, I. D. Couzin, and M. C. Crofoot, "Shared decision-making drives collective movement in wild baboons," Science, Vol. 348, No. 6241, 1358-1361, 2015.
doi:10.1126/science.aaa5099

5. Henry, M., M. Bguin, F. Requier, O. Rollin, J.-F. Odoux, P. Aupinel, J. Aptel, S. Tchamitchian, and A. Decourtye, "A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees," Science, Vol. 336, No. 6079, 348-350, 2012.
doi:10.1126/science.1215039

6. Balci, F., S. Oakeshott, J. L. Shamy, B. F. El-Khodor, I. Filippov, R. Mushlin, R. Port, D. Connor, A. Paintdakhi, L. Menalled, S. Ramboz, D. Howland, S. Kwak, and D. Brunner, "High-throughput automated phenotyping of two genetic mouse models of Huntington’s disease," PLOS, 2013.

7. Rushen, J. and A. M. de Passille, "Automated monitoring of behavioural-based animal welfare indicators," Animal Welfare, Vol. 21, 339-350, 2012.
doi:10.7120/09627286.21.3.339

8. Pinkiewicz, T. H., G. J. Purser, and R. N. Williams, "A computer vision system to analyse the swimming behaviour of farmed fish in commercial aquaculture facilities: A case study using cageheld Atlantic salmon," Aquacultural Engineering, Vol. 45, 20-27, Jul. 2011.

9. Boissy, A., S. Ligout, D. Foulquie, A. Gautier, C. Moreno, E. Delval, D. Francois, J. Bouix, A. Boissy, S. Ligout, D. Foulquie, A. Gautier, C. Moreno, E. Delval, D. Francois, and J. Bouix, "Genetics of behavioural reactivity in sheep: A strategy for combining animal welfare and efficiency of production," 14emes Rencontres Autour des Recherches sur les Ruminants, 301-304, Paris, Dec. 2007.

10. Hazard, D., J. Bouix, M. Chassier, E. Delval, D. Foulqui, T. Fassier, Y. Bourdillon, D. Franois, and A. Boissy, "Genotype by environment interactions for behavioral reactivity in sheep," J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 94, 1459-1471, Apr. 2016.
doi:10.2527/jas.2015-0277

11. Boissy, A., J. Bouix, P. Orgeur, P. Poindron, B. Bib, and P. Le Neindre, "Genetic analysis of emotional reactivity in sheep: Effects of the genotypes of the lambs and of their dams," Genet. Sel. Evol., Vol. 37, 381-401, Aug. 2005.
doi:10.1186/1297-9686-37-5-381

12. Noda, T., Y. Kawabata, N. Arai, H. Mitamura, and S. Watanabe, "Animal-mounted gyroscope/accelerometer/magnetometer: In situ measurement of the movement performance of fast-start behaviour in fish," Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 451, 55-68, Feb. 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.031

13. Dell, A. I., J. A. Bender, K. Branson, I. D. Couzin, G. G. de Polavieja, L. P. J. J. Noldus, A. Prez-Escudero, P. Perona, A. D. Straw, M. Wikelski, and U. Brose, "Automated image-based tracking and its application in ecology," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 29, 417-428, Jul. 2014.

14. Riley, J. R., A. D. Smith, D. R. Reynolds, A. S. Edwards, J. L. Osborne, I. H. Williams, N. L. Carreck, and G. M. Poppy, "Tracking bees with harmonic radar," Nature, Vol. 379, 29-30, Jan. 1996.
doi:10.1038/379029b0

15. Lihoreau, M., N. E. Raine, A. M. Reynolds, R. J. Stelzer, K. S. Lim, A. D. Smith, J. L. Osborne, and L. Chittka, "Radar tracking and motion-sensitive cameras on flowers reveal the development of pollinator multi-destination routes over large spatial scales," PLOS Biology, Vol. 10, No. 9, 1-13, 2012.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001392

16. Milanesio, D., M. Saccani, R. Maggiora, D. Laurino, and M. Porporato, "Design of an harmonic radar for the tracking of the Asian yellow-legged hornet," Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 6, No. 7, 2170-2178, 2016.
doi:10.1002/ece3.2011

17. Ovaskainen, O., A. D. Smith, J. L. Osborne, D. R. Reynolds, N. L. Carreck, A. P. Martin, K. Niitepld, and I. Hanski, "Tracking butter y movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance," PNAS, Vol. 105, 19090-19095, Sep. 2008.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0802066105

18. Lvei, G., I. A. Stringer, C. D. Devine, and M. Cartellieri, "Harmonic radar — A method using inexpensive tags to study invertebrate movement on land," New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 187-193, 1997.

19. Pellet, J., L. Rechsteiner, A. K. Skrivervik, J. F. Zrcher, and N. Perrin, "Use of the harmonic direction finder to study the terrestrial habitats of the European tree frog (Hyla arborea)," Amphibia-Reptilia, Vol. 27, Mar. 2006.

20. Ligout, S., D. Foulqui, F. Sbe, J. Bouix, and A. Boissy, "Assessment of sociability in farm animals: The use of arena test in lambs," Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vol. 135, 57-62, Nov. 2011.

21. Palandoken, M., "Compact bioimplantable MICS and ISM band antenna design for wireless biotelemetry applications," Radioengineering, Vol. 26, 917-923, Dec. 2017.
doi:10.13164/re.2017.0917

22. Atayants, B. A., V. M. Davydochkin, V. V. Ezerskiy, V. S. Parshin, and S.M. Smolskiy, Precision FMCW Short-range Radar For Industrial Applications, Artech House, 2014.

23. Piper, S. O., "Receiver frequency resolution for range resolution in homodyne FMCW radar," Conference Proceedings National Telesystems Conference 1993, 169-173, Jun. 1993.
doi:10.1109/NTC.1993.292991

24. Golub, G. and W. Kahan, "Calculating the singular values and pseudo-inverse of a matrix," Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Series B Numerical Analysis, Vol. 2, 205-224, Jan. 1965.
doi:10.1137/0702016

25. Tivive, F. H. C., A. Bouzerdoum, and M. G. Amin, "A subspace projection approach for wall clutter mitigation in through-the-wall radar imaging," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 53, 2108-2122, Apr. 2015.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2355211

26. Belfiori, F., W. V. Rossum, and P. Hoogeboom, "Application of 2d MUSIC algorithm to rangeazimuth FMCW radar data," 2012 9th European Radar Conference, 242-245, Oct. 2012.

27. Kalman, R., "A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems," Transactions of the ASME — Journal of basic Engineering, Vol. 82, 35-45, Jan. 1960.
doi:10.1115/1.3662552