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2026-06-27
A Phase-Interrogated Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on a Graphene Oxide-Functionalized Ag/ZnSe Platform for Dopamine Detection
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 138, 97-115, 2026
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter whose abnormal levels are associated with neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. The development of sensitive and reliable detection methods is therefore essential for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Here, we report a phase-interrogated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on a graphene oxide (GO)-functionalized glass/Ti/Ag/Al2O3/ZnSe multilayer platform. The high refractive index (RI) ZnSe layer confined the evanescent field through a waveguide-coupled mode, which produced a sharp resonance with a measured FWHM of 0.077°, a Q-factor of 799, and a figure of merit (FOM) of 1527 RIU-1. The slight broadening relative to the simulated FWHM of 0.034° is consistent with practical fabrication imperfections and beam angular divergence, though sensor performance was not meaningfully affected. The bulk RI calibration with glucose solutions confirmed a phase sensitivity of 4.53×104 deg RIU-1 and an angular sensitivity of 120.1°/RIU. For DA detection, the ZnSe surface was functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and GO and then exposed to different DA concentrations from 1 pM to 10 nM. A semi-log linear fit over the range of 1 pM to 1 nM showed a sensitivity of 1.15°/decade (R2 = 0.9547), and a Langmuir isotherm yielded a maximum phase shift of 3.74°, a dissociation constant of 10 pM with R2 of 0.9987. The limit of detection was 2.17 pM, and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranged from 1.12 at 1 pM to 11.52 at 1 nM. The intra-chip coefficients of variation remained between 0.70% and 2.47%. Beyond clinical diagnostics, this platform holds promise for pharmaceutical applications, including drug development, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiling, and therapeutic drug monitoring, where reliable small molecule detection is increasingly required. This work, therefore, offers a straightforward, label-free route to picomolar DA detection with a clear path toward real-sample validation and selectivity assessment.
Citation
Faten Bashar Kamal Eddin, Jian Sun, Guanghui Chen, Maofa Zeng, Wenjun Jin, Houxin Fan, De-Man Han, and Sailing He, "A Phase-Interrogated Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on a Graphene Oxide-Functionalized Ag/ZnSe Platform for Dopamine Detection," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 138, 97-115, 2026.
doi:10.2528/PIERM26060209
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