volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Lightning pulses are characterized by a wide coverage range, short duration, and high intensity. They can induce transient electromagnetic interference (EMI) on sagging high-voltage lines above the ground, posing a serious threat to the secure operation of power systems. In this paper, a random rough ground surface is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The catenary function is employed to model the geometry of sagging high-voltage lines. The time-domain waveform of the lightning pulse is obtained based on the discharge current of a multi-component lightning cloud-to-ground stroke. The transient induced currents and power responses of three-phase transmission lines and connected loads under lightning excitation are numerically calculated. The effects of rough surfaces with different root-mean-square heights and tower heights configurations on electromagnetic interference characteristics are investigated. The broadband lightning interference characteristics are comprehensively obtained, providing a theoretical basis for the electromagnetic protection design of transmission lines above practical ground surfaces.

1. Sabath, Frank and Stefan Potthast, "Tolerance values and the confidence level for high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) field tests," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 55, No. 3, 518-525, June 2013.
doi:10.1109/temc.2012.2237032 Google Scholar

2. Wraight, A., W. D. Prather, and F. Sabath, "Developments in early-time (E1) high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) test methods," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 55, No. 3, 492-499, June 2013.
doi:10.1109/temc.2013.2241442 Google Scholar

3. Cao, Le, "A new method to calculate induced current of thin wire over anisotropic ground under HPM," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2019, 1-8, February 2019.
doi:10.1155/2019/4270395 Google Scholar

4. Chen, Xipeng, Yanpeng Hao, Licheng Li, Xiao He, Chakhung Yeung, Yuxuan Ding, Lei Jia, Xiangen Zhao, Yaping Du, and Minchuan Liao, "A hybrid PEEC and transmission line model for stable and accurate transient electromagnetic coupling simulations based on mixed-potential scattering," Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 257, 112926, August 2026.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.112926 Google Scholar

5. Yeung, Chakhung, Mi Zhou, Jianguo Wang, Jinxin Cao, Li Cai, Yuxuan Ding, Mingli Chen, and Yaping Du, "Optimizing shielded cable lightning protection: Effects of grounding and shielding Under variable lightning surge conditions," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 68, No. 2, 302-311, April 2026.
doi:10.1109/temc.2025.3649921 Google Scholar

6. Taylor, C., R. Satterwhite, and C. Harrison, "The response of a terminated two-wire transmission line excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 13, No. 6, 987-989, November 1965.
doi:10.1109/tap.1965.1138574 Google Scholar

7. Roy, Atanu, Saswati Ghosh, and Ajay Chakraborty, "Simple crosstalk model of three wires to predict nearend and farend crosstalk in an EMI/EMC environment to facilitate EMI/EMC modeling," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 43-58, 2008.
doi:10.2528/pierb08050503 Google Scholar

8. Ye, Zhihong and Qingyuan Fang, "Coupling analysis of non-parallel transmission lines excited by ambient wave using a time domain hybrid method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 94, 9-18, 2020.
doi:10.2528/pierm20051301 Google Scholar

9. Rachidi, F., C. A. Nucci, M. Ianoz, and C. Mazzetti, "Influence of a lossy ground on lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 38, No. 3, 250-264, August 1996.
doi:10.1109/15.536054 Google Scholar

10. Paul, C. R., Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.

11. Zhou, Mi, Weihan Zhao, Shengquan Zheng, Yongming Guo, Zehong Yang, Jianguo Wang, Li Cai, and Yadong Fan, "Lightning inductive coupling characteristics of parallel cables: Computation and measurement validation," IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Vol. 17, No. 3, 115-124, November 2022.
doi:10.1049/smt2.12135 Google Scholar

12. Paknahad, Javad, Keyhan Sheshyekani, Mohsen Hamzeh, and Farhad Rachidi, "Lightning electromagnetic fields and their induced voltages on overhead lines: The effect of a non-flat lossy ground," 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), 591-594, Shanghai, China, October 2014.
doi:10.1109/iclp.2014.6973193

13. Soto, Edison and Ernesto Perez, "Lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines over irregular terrains," Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 176, 105941, November 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105941 Google Scholar

14. Mousa, Mohammed Imran, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, and Mona Riza M. Esa, "Effects of soil uniformity on radial electric field of lightning electromagnetic pulse," Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 216, 109060, March 2023.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.109060 Google Scholar

15. Tatematsu, Akiyoshi, "Lightning surge analysis of a transmission line tower with an XLPE power cable and metallic cleats using the FDTD method," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 62, No. 5, 1796-1806, October 2020.
doi:10.1109/temc.2019.2956931 Google Scholar

16. Master, M. J., M. A. Uman, Y. T. Lin, and R. B. Standler, "Calculations of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields above ground," Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 86, No. C12, 12127-12132, December 1981.
doi:10.1029/jc086ic12p12127 Google Scholar

17. Broughton, P. and P. Ndumbaro, The Analysis of Cable and Catenary Structures, Thomas Telford, 1994.

Mr. Keyi Bai

Dr. Wei Tian