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2021-03-22
PIER M
Vol. 101, 219-239, 2021
download: 500
On the Distortionless of UWB Wearable Hilbert-Shaped Metamaterial Antenna for Low Energy Applications
Ahmed Imad Imran , Taha Ahmed Elwi and Ali J. Salim
This paper presents a miniaturized antenna-based wearable self-powered wireless systems; the proposed study identifies the possibility to compact a flexible Solant-Rectenna integrated to low energy devices. The proposed system uses the obtained DC currents from RF rectifier and solar panel to recharge batteries. A low-profile Hilbert-shaped metamaterial (MTM) array forming a rectangular patch is conducted to minimize the shadowing effects to 13.3% on the solar panel area. Nevertheless, an Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) square pads array is introduced as defects on the ground plane to remove the negative effects, in terms of losses, of the solar panel bus-bar on the antenna performance. Moreover, the proposed EBG ground plane is utilized to isolate the human body from the undesired electromagnetic radiation leakage in addition to minimize the antenna impedance mismatch caused by the proximity to human tissues. For this, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is analysed numerically to assess the feasibility of the proposed EBG layer. The antenna expresses a frequency bandwidth, S11 < -10 dB, from 0.8 GHz up to 10 GHz; moreover, the EBG inclusions increase the front to back ratio to provide the gains of -10 dBi, -4 dBi, 0 dBi at 0.915 GHz, 1.88 GHz, and 2.45 GHz, respectively. Moreover, a SAR reduction is achieved up to 64% down after the EBG layer introduction. In addition, the antenna distortion effect in terms of group delay (Gd) after 3.1 GHz up to 10 GHz is tested; the maximum variation is found to be less than 1ns which shows a linear phase response with distortionless waveforms. Such a feature is found very suitable for UWB applications in modern wireless systems. The antenna performance improvement after introducing the proposed EBG defects is validated experimentally and numerically. The solar panel I-V characteristics are measured after the antenna structure introduction. Next, the solant RF port is connected to a rectifier circuit to realize the rectenna performance port that collects the RF energy at three bands in terms of efficiency spectra. Finally, it is proofed that the proposed Solant-Rectenna offers an excellent, compacted, and flexible candidate for the wearable self-powered devices at different bands.
ON THE DISTORTIONLESS OF UWB WEARABLE HILBERT-SHAPED METAMATERIAL ANTENNA FOR LOW ENERGY APPLICATIONS
2021-03-20
PIER M
Vol. 101, 207-218, 2021
download: 283
Diffraction of the Electromagnetic Plane Waves by Double Half-Plane with Fractional Boundary Conditions
Vasil Tabatadze , Kamil Karaçuha , Eldar I. Veliyev and Ertuğrul Karaçuha
In this article, the diffraction of E-polarized electromagnetic plane waves by a double half-plane structure is taken into account. The shift of the upper half-plane through the horizontal axis for different wavenumber and boundary conditions are considered. On the double half-plane structure, fractional boundary conditions are required on the half-plane surfaces. The half-planes are parallel to each other with a variable shift in distance and location. The formulation of the problem is given where the boundary condition is explained, and the integral equations for each half-plane are obtained by using fractional calculus and Fourier Transform techniques. Then, for numerical calculations, the induced current on each half-plane is expressed as the summation of Laguerre polynomials. This leads to having a system of linear algebraic equations needed to be solved. The numerical results show that the shift and the distance between the half-planes give a very important effect on the field values inside and outside the guiding structure. The results are compared and analyzed with Method of Moment and previous results.
DIFFRACTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVES BY DOUBLE HALF-PLANE WITH FRACTIONAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
2021-03-16
PIER M
Vol. 101, 197-206, 2021
download: 456
BER Analysis in Non-Homogeneous Fading Environments with Impulsive Noise
Umer Ashraf and Ghulam Rasool Begh
In this paper, using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, analytical expressions of bit-error-rate (BER) for various non-homogeneous fading environments (α-μ, η-μ and κ-μ) subjected to SαS noise are obtained. The derived results are expressed in terms of Meijer's G-function and Gamma function. These expressions are used to study the performance of other prominent fading models (like Nakagami-m, Rayleigh, Rician, and Hoyt) available in the technical literature. Further, it is shown that the effect of the impulsive index (α) over BER is much pronounced compared to the amount of fading (AF). Numerical results are provided for different impulsive settings. The derived results corroborate with simulations.
BER ANALYSIS IN NON-HOMOGENEOUS FADING ENVIRONMENTS WITH IMPULSIVE NOISE
2021-03-16
PIER M
Vol. 101, 185-196, 2021
download: 262
Polarimetric Parameters of Scattered Electromagnetic Waves in the Conductive Magnetized Plasma
George Jandieri and Akira Ishimaru
Electromagnetic waves propagation in both homogeneous and random magnetized conductive plasma is considered including longitudinal, Pedersen and Hall's conductivities. The second-order statistical moments of scattered electromagnetic waves in the conductive turbulent magnetized plasma slab with electron density fluctuations are investigated on the bases of the set of stochastic differential equation. Refractive index and polarization coefficients of both the ordinary and extraordinary waves are calculated for the polar terrestrial ionosphere. Using new spectral method and the boundary conditions, transversal components of scattered electromagnetic waves are calculated. Experimentally observed Stokes parameters describing the depolarization effects are calculated for the arbitrary correlation function of electron density fluctuations. Coherent matrix describing polarization features of non-plane waves generalizing the Stokes parameters is obtained.
2021-03-10
PIER M
Vol. 101, 173-183, 2021
download: 488
Compact Metal-Mountable UHF RFID Tag Antenna with Two Large C-Shaped Slots for on-the-Fly Tuning
Fwee-Leong Bong , Kunalen Thirappa , Eng Hock Lim and Kogulabalan Perumal
A compact folded-patch UHF RFID tag antenna (30 mm × 30 mm × 3 mm or 0.0912λ × 0.0912λ × 0.009λ) is proposed for metallic surface applications. Two large C-shaped slots, which can be easily tuned by adjusting their lengths, are incorporated into the folded-patch for providing tuning mechanisms that can be employed in the production line for tuning the tag resonant frequency on the fly. The slots are tactfully embedded into the patch structure so that they occupy no footprint. The slots are large enough so that their lengths can be easily adjusted by employing a penknife and some copper tapes. This provides an impromptu tuning mechanism so that the tag resonant frequency can be easily corrected in the production line. With reference to the effective isotropic radiated power of 4 W, the proposed tag antenna can be read from 10 m on metal. The read range is found to be able to go beyond 5.5 m when the tag is placed on a dielectric with permittivity ranging from 1 to 12.
COMPACT METAL-MOUNTABLE UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA WITH TWO LARGE C-SHAPED SLOTS FOR ON-THE-FLY TUNING
2021-03-06
PIER M
Vol. 101, 161-172, 2021
download: 561
Design and Development of Radio Wave Absorber Using Eco-Friendly Materials
Odampilly Rahul Manohar , Anju Pradeep and Pezholil Mohanan
An investigation on using eco-friendly natural materials like coconut pith, rubber and charcoal powder for developing radio wave absorbers has been reported in this paper. Two absorbers named CoR (Combination of Coconut pith powder and natural Rubber latex) and CoRC (Combination of Coconut pith powder, natural Rubber latex and Charcoal powder) are made through proper mixing and drying. The absorptivity of these two absorbers (CoR and CoRC) is compared with the industrial standard polyurethane based absorber. The waveguide method is employed to measure the absorptivity of these absorbers in 3 different frequency bands. Band 1 (1.7-2.6 GHz) includes the mobile communication frequencies of 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz. Band 2 (4.9-7.05 GHz) is intended for sub 6 GHz band of 5G as well as WLAN frequencies while band 3 (8.2-12 GHz) is for higher frequencies of radar operation. The exact values of lower and upper frequencies of bands are determined by the physical dimensions of waveguides used. The absorption capability of the absorbers is found to increase as the frequency of operation increases. The CoR absorber has almost 63% average absorptivity in band 3, 56% in band 2 and 21% in band 1. The CoRC absorber has an average of 74% absorptivity in band 3, 63% in band 2 and 24% in band 1.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO WAVE ABSORBER USING ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS
2021-03-01
PIER M
Vol. 101, 149-159, 2021
download: 621
Resonator Based Antenna Sensor for Breast Cancer Detection
Praveen Kumar Rao and Rajan Mishra
A compact ultra-wideband antenna is presented for detecting malignant cells in the breast. The dimension of the proposed circular resonator-based antenna is 20 mm x 30 mm x 1.6 mm. The antenna sensor operates within the 3.1 GHz to 6.8 GHz (105.71%) range with peak gain 4.8 dB, radiation efficiency 89.2%, and an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Three types of breast phantoms (i.e., phantom without tumor, a phantom with a single tumor, and phantom with two tumors) arealso fabricated. The electrical properties of the malignant cells differ from non-malignant breast cells. S-parameters have been measured with phantom, then with the help of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and normal and malignant breast phantoms are identified. Further, the tumor's locations in the breast phantom are find out by using the specific absorption rate (SAR) values.
RESONATOR BASED ANTENNA SENSOR FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION
2021-02-27
PIER M
Vol. 101, 139-147, 2021
download: 385
Near-Field Image Transmission and EVM Measurements in Rich Scattering Environment in Metal Enclosure
Mir Lodro , Gabriele Gradoni , Christopher Smartt , Ana Vukovic , David W. P. Thomas and Stephen Greedy
In this work we present near-field image transmission and error vector magnitude measurement in rich scattering environment in metal enclosure. We check the effect of loading metal enclosure on the performance of SDR based near-field communication link. We focus on the key communication receiver parameters to observe the effect of near-field link in presence of rich-scattering and in presence of loading with RF absorber cones. The near-field performance is measured by transmitting wideband OFDM-modulated packets containing image information. Our finding suggests that the performance of OFDM based wideband near-field communication improves when metal enclosure is loaded with RF absorbers. Near-field EVM improves when the enclosure is loaded with RF absorber cones. Loading of the metal enclosure has the effect of increased coherence bandwidth. Frequency selectivity was observed in an empty enclosure which suggests coherence bandwidth less than the signal bandwidth.
NEAR-FIELD IMAGE TRANSMISSION AND EVM MEASUREMENTS IN RICH SCATTERING ENVIRONMENT IN METAL ENCLOSURE
2021-02-27
PIER M
Vol. 101, 127-138, 2021
download: 372
Direct Control of Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Prediction Model
Huangqiu Zhu and Mingcan Wu
The direct control for the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) has problems of large ripples of flux linkage, torque, and suspension force due to sampling time delay. To solve above problems, a predictive direct control method is proposed based on the traditional direct control by adding prediction model. Firstly, the generation principle of radial suspension forces of the BPMSM is introduced. Secondly, the models of the predictive direct control method are given based on the traditional direct control, and the time-delay compensation model is deduced. Thirdly, the predictive direct control system is constructed, and the simulations are carried out. Finally, the proposed control strategy is applied to a prototype, and the related experimental results are given and analyzed. The results of the simulations and experiments show that compared with the traditional direct control of the BPMSM, the predictive direct control strategy can effectively reduce the ripples of flux linkage, torque, and suspension forces, and improve the static and dynamic performance of the BPMSM.
DIRECT CONTROL OF BEARINGLESS PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BASED ON PREDICTION MODEL
2021-02-25
PIER M
Vol. 101, 117-126, 2021
download: 287
Uncertainty Quantification and Parameter Estimation in the Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Method Using Polynomial Chaos
Andrew C. M. Austin
A new numerical method is proposed for uncertainty quantification in the two-dimensional finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method. The method is based on an intrusive polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) of the Helmholtz equation in terms of the material properties. The resulting PCE-FDFD method is validated against Monte-Carlo simulations for an electromagnetic scattering problem at 1.0 GHz. Good agreement is found between the statistics of the electric fields computed using the proposed method and the Monte-Carlo results, with a factor 15-120 reduction in the computational costs. The PCE-FDFD method is also applied to estimate the material properties from exterior measurements by formulating an objective function and applying constrained optimisation techniques. A maximum 1.7% error in the material properties was observed for a test geometry with six unknowns and 20 sample points.
UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN METHOD USING POLYNOMIAL CHAOS
2021-02-23
PIER M
Vol. 101, 101-115, 2021
download: 299
Full Wave Analysis of Multilayered Cylindrical Resonator Containing Uniaxial Anisotropic Media
Krzysztof Derzakowski
The method of evaluating the resonant frequencies of a multilayered cylindrical resonator containing uniaxial anisotropic materials is presented. The detailed solution of Maxwell's equations for such a structure by means of the radial mode matching method is given. The results of calculations using developed and launched computer program are given, and they are compared with those obtained by other methods and with measurements. These results are in close agreement, which proves the correctness of the method. The developed solution and the software program can be used to measure the permittivity tensor of materials.
FULL WAVE ANALYSIS OF MULTILAYERED CYLINDRICAL RESONATOR CONTAINING UNIAXIAL ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
2021-02-23
PIER M
Vol. 101, 89-100, 2021
download: 354
Research on the Model and Characteristics of Underground Magnetic Induction Communication Channel
Bao Heng Liu , Yongbin Wang and Tianhui Fu
The traditional electromagnetic wave wireless communication in the underground environment has the problem of unstable channel path loss, large antenna size, high path loss, etc. To address these issues, the channel models of magnetic induction communication and magnetic induction waveguide communication based on quasi-static field coupling are proposed, and the characteristics of magnetic field strength, path loss, bandwidth, and channel capacity are analyzed in detail. The results show that the magnetic induction communication system channel is stable, compared with the ordinary induction communication, and the path loss of magnetic induction waveguide communication is reduced a lot, even in the case of high noise and transmission distance increased by more than 20 times. But the bandwidths of the two ways are small and similar. The path loss and bandwidth decide the system capacity, and system capacity is also affected by the number of turns, working frequency, coil resistance, and size.
RESEARCH ON THE MODEL AND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND MAGNETIC INDUCTION COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
2021-02-21
PIER M
Vol. 101, 79-88, 2021
download: 536
G -Shaped Defected Microstrip Structure Based Method of Reducing Crosstalk of Coupled Microstrip Lines
Rui Li , Yafei Wang , Wei Yang and Xuehua Li
The suppression of crosstalk by combining the defected microstrip structure (DMS) with step-shaped transmission lines is proposed to address the problem of crosstalk between microstrip lines of the printed circuit board. This method suppresses the crosstalk between the microstrip lines by constructing two step-shaped coupled microstrip lines and etching the designed G-shaped DMS on one of the microstrip lines. Simulation and actual measurement results show that the combination of G-shaped DMS and step-shaped transmission line can effectively suppress crosstalk and reduce the far-end crosstalk by approximately 20 dB in the frequency range of 4-5 GHz. The actual measurement results in the vector network analyzer coincide with the high-frequency structure simulator simulation results.
G-SHAPED DEFECTED MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE BASED METHOD OF REDUCING CROSSTALK OF COUPLED MICROSTRIP LINES
2021-02-18
PIER M
Vol. 101, 69-78, 2021
download: 395
Millimeter-Wave Frequency-Diverse Imaging with Phased Array Intended for Communications
Mikko K. Leino , Jan Bergman , Juha Ala-Laurinaho and Ville Viikari
This paper presents a recent progress in a millimeter-wave imaging done with a potential 5G base-station phased-array antenna exhibiting frequency-diverse, non-focused beams. The presented imaging system operates in 24-32 GHz band and is the first realization where phased arrays primarily developed for 5G communications are utilized in a frequency-diverse imaging application. The image reconstruction method solves the linear inverse problem with an iterative algorithm, and several images have been reconstructed based on the measurement data. Currently, a metallic sphere can be successfully located in the target space. However, future work is still required, and the paper further discusses the possibilities and restrictions of the current imaging setup.
MILLIMETER-WAVE FREQUENCY-DIVERSE IMAGING WITH PHASED ARRAY INTENDED FOR COMMUNICATIONS
2021-02-18
PIER M
Vol. 101, 59-68, 2021
download: 444
Broadband and High-Aperture Efficiency Fabry-Perot Antenna with Low RCS Based on Nonuniform Metamaterial Superstrate
Hui-Fen Huang and Qi-Sheng Fan
Due to the nonuniform Electromagnetic (EM) field distribution over the superstrate, a Fabry-Perot Resonant Antenna is normally with high directivity but relatively low aperture efficiency when its aperture size is electrically large. In this paper, a Fabry-Perot resonator cavity antenna (FPCA) with a nonuniform metamaterial superstrate is proposed. The nonuniform metamaterial superstrate is a nonuniform double-sided printed dielectric, in which the upper surface is used for wideband RCS reduction, and the bottom surface is the nonuniform partially reflective surface (PRS) of FPRA for wideband and high aperture efficiency performances. Wideband RCS reduction is realized by designing the phase differences 90˚ in turn among three adjacent frequency-selective surfaces. The wideband 3 dB gain bandwidth and high aperture efficiency performances are obtained by designing the PRS with a positive reflection phase gradient vs frequency and a negative transverse-reflection magnitude gradient, respectively. The measured results show that the gain of the proposed antenna is 11.5 dBi greater than that of the primary source antenna with a peak value 15.5 dBi at 9.2 GHz. The aperture efficiency is 73.3%. The 3-dB gain bandwidth is from 8.75 to 11.47 GHz (26.9%), and the RCS reduction can be obtained effectively from 8.2 to 20 GHz (83.7%).
BROADBAND AND HIGH-APERTURE EFFICIENCY FABRY-PEROT ANTENNA WITH LOW RCS BASED ON NONUNIFORM METAMATERIAL SUPERSTRATE
2021-02-17
PIER M
Vol. 101, 47-58, 2021
download: 585
Contact ECG Recording Using Copper and E-Textile Based Flexible Dry Electrodes
Kai Ren , Ruyu Ma , Mohammad Ranjbar Nikkhah , Steve Eggleston , Yu-Jiun Ren and Nader Behdad
We present experiments of contact electrocardiograms (ECG) recording using copper and e-textile-based flexible dry electrodes. In this work, dry electrodes with different shapes, sizes, and materials were designed and fabricated. In cardiac monitoring using these flexible dry electrodes, three different conditions were considered, which are sitting, standing, and walking. To evaluate the performances of the fabricated dry electrodes, average-to-variation ratios (AVR) of the recorded ECG signals measured using the flexible dry electrodes were calculated and compared with those measured using the commercially-available wet electrodes in all three conditions. The AVR results demonstrate that the dry electrodes have a similar performance as the commercially-available wet electrodes in the sitting and standing conditions and a better performance in the walking condition. These results suggest that it is possible to weave dry e-textile-based electrodes in normal clothing and use them for continuous monitoring of ECG signals in different conditions.
CONTACT ECG RECORDING USING COPPER AND E-TEXTILE BASED FLEXIBLE DRY ELECTRODES
2021-02-15
PIER M
Vol. 101, 37-45, 2021
download: 400
Laser Monitor for Studying the Combustion of Thin Layers of Metal Nanopowders
Fedor Alexandrovich Gubarev , Andrei Vladimirovich Mostovshchikov , Anatoliy Ignatievich Fedorov and Lin Li
In this paper, we propose a laser monitor with a horizontally located observation area for studying laser initiation and combustion of thin layers of metal nanopowders. Three configurations of the optical scheme with different inputs of igniting laser radiation and different magnifications are considered. Visualization of combustion of a 0.4 mm layer of aluminum nanopowder demonstrated the possibility of studying the surface of a nanopowder thin layer during combustion using a laser monitor. The bright glowing of the sample and the bright radiation of the igniting laser do not interfere with the imaging of the surface. The proposed system allows us to study surface changes caused by the propagation of combustion waves. It is demonstrated that in the region of laser initiation, combustion proceeds in one-stage, and combustion products are formed during laser action. Outside the initiation area, combustion proceeds in two stages. The results reveal the prospects for designing a laser monitor for studying the combustion of thinner layers of metal nanopowders.
LASER MONITOR FOR STUDYING THE COMBUSTION OF THIN LAYERS OF METAL NANOPOWDERS
2021-02-09
PIER M
Vol. 101, 25-35, 2021
download: 469
Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons and Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Compact Band-Pass Filter for Radar Application
Keyur Mahant , Hiren Mewada , Amit Patel , Alpesh D. Vala and Jitendra P. Chaudhari
A band-pass filter using spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) and half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) for Ka-band RADAR application is proposed. In order to achieve the band-pass response, an HMSIW structure with high pass response and SSPPs with band-stop response are combined. Moreover, to investigate effects of geometric dimensions on the frequency characteristics of the proposed band-pass filter are examined by parametric analysis. It has been observed that lower cut-off and upper frequencies can be individually controlled just by changing the structural parameters. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software was utilized to simulate the proposed structure. HFSS is the simulation tool for complex 3-D geometries and uses the finite element method (FEM). To validate the functionality, the proposed band-pass filter is fabricated on the dielectric material RT duroid 5880 with the dielectric constant εr = 2.2, height h = 0.508 mm, and dissipation factor tanδ = 4 × 10-4. The measured result shows return loss better than -10 dB and insertion loss less than 1.25 dB with the 3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 44.02% at the center frequency of 7.95 GHz.
SPOOF SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS AND HALF-MODE SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE BASED COMPACT BAND-PASS FILTER FOR RADAR APPLICATION
2021-02-07
PIER M
Vol. 101, 9-23, 2021
download: 450
Spatial Magnetic Field Calculations for Coreless Circular Coils with Rectangular Cross-Section of Arbitrary Turn Numbers
Yiming Wang , Xu Xie and Hengfeng Wang
In a wireless magnetic induction communication system, the magnetic field distribution of the current-carrying coil affects the communication effect between the communication transceiver and receiver. In the study of magnetic field distribution, it was found that magnetic induction intensity and magnetic flux were important parameters to measure the effectiveness of communication. Aiming at the circular coils with rectangular cross-section of any turn numbers, this paper proposed an improved algorithm to calculate the magnetic induction intensity at any spatial position based on Biot-Savart law. At the same time, the calculation formula of the magnetic flux at the receiving point was also given. The coils were modeled and simulated with COMSOL software. The correctness of the improved algorithm was verified and compared with the traditional formula and simulation results, especially in the near field, which provided an important theoretical support for the further study of mutual inductance in the wireless magnetic induction communication system.
SPATIAL MAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR CORELESS CIRCULAR COILS WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION OF ARBITRARY TURN NUMBERS
2021-01-30
PIER M
Vol. 101, 1-8, 2021
download: 437
Straightforward EMDrive Setup with NASA-Like Cavities
Hugo Peyre , Jérôme Sokoloff , Olivier Pascal , Olivier Pigaglio and Nathalie Raveu
For replication concerns, this paper describes the work of the LAPLACE Electromagnetism Research Group to build NASA-like cavities in order to exploit the same electromagnetic configuration: the same resonant mode. These cavities are then implemented in our straightforward EMDrive experimental setup with a 0.1 mN sensitivity. Force measurement protocol is presented and discussed while more than 150 W of RF power is injected into the cavities. Results are compared to the NASA stated thrust to power ratio of 1.2±0.1 mN/kW.
STRAIGHTFORWARD EMDRIVE SETUP WITH NASA-LIKE CAVITIES