volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, time-domain physical optics (TDPO) method is extended to its iterative version (TDIPO) to consider the coupling effects between two regions, and the latter is employed to investigate electromagnetic scattering from three dimensional target half-buried by a two dimensional rough surface. By using iterative scheme, more accurate transient response reflected from combinative target with multi-scattering effects would be obtained than that by using TDPO alone. The TDIPO could also be enhanced by time-domain equivalent edge current (TDEEC) to further determine the far-field characteristics of the combinative target with rough surface. An accurate composite geometry model technique which combines 2D perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) rough surface and half-buried 3D PEC target is introduced and employed to assist the meshing work. The validity of the presented method is verified by comparing the scattering results for dihedral targets with those obtained through TDPO and finite difference in time domain (FDTD), as well as multi-level fast multiple algorithm (MLFMA). Then simulations of EM scattering from the target embedded in rough surface for different incidence directions are carried out to test the availability of TDIPO/EEC. Discussions on the effects of incidence direction and the presence of the target on the backscattering in far-zone are also given.

1. Guan, B., J. F. Zhang, X. Y. Zhou, and T. J. Cui, "Electromagnetic scattering from objects above a rough surface using the method of moments with half-space Green's function," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 47, 3399-3405, 2009. Google Scholar

2. Guo, L.-X., A.-Q. Wang, and J. Ma, "Study on EM scattering from 2-D target above 1-D large scale rough surface with low grazing incidence by parallel MoM based on PC clusters," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 89, 149-166, 2009. Google Scholar

3. Wang, X. and L.-W. Li, "Numerical characterization of bistatic scattering from PEC cylinder partially embedded in a dielectric ough surface interface: Horizontal polarization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 35-51, 2009. Google Scholar

4. Liu, P. and Y.-Q. Jin, "An FEM approach with FFT accelerated iterative robin boundary condition for electromagnetic scattering of a target with strong or weak coupled underlying randomly rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, 4134-4144, 2005. Google Scholar

5. Colak, D., R. J. Burkholder, and E. H. Newman, "On the convergence properties of the multiple sweep method of moments," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, Vol. 22, 207-218, Jul. 2007. Google Scholar

6. Ji, W.-J. and C.-M. Tong, "Bistatic scattering from two-dimensional dielectric ocean rough surface with a PEC object partially embedded by using the G-SMCG method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 105, 119-139, 2010. Google Scholar

7. Wang, A. Q., L. X. Guo, and C. Chai, "Fast numerical method for electromagnetic scattering from an object above a large-scale layered rough surface at large incident angle: Vertical polarization," Applied Optics, Vol. 50, 500-508, Feb. 2011. Google Scholar

8. Rodriguez Pino, M., L. Landesa, J. L. Rodriguez, F. Obelleiro, and R. J. Burkholder, "The generalized forward-backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, 961-969, 1999. Google Scholar

9. Li, Z. and Y.-Q. Jin, "Bistatic scattering and transmitting through a fractal rough surface with high permittivity using the physics-based two-grid method in conjunction with the forward-backward method and spectrum acceleration algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, 1323-1327, 2002. Google Scholar

10. Kubicke, G., C. Bourlier, and J. Saillard, "Scattering by an object above a randomly rough surface from a fast numerical method: Extended PILE method combined with FB-SA," Waves in Random and Complex Media, Vol. 18, 495-519, 2008. Google Scholar

11. Bourlier, C., G. Kubické, and N. Déchamps, "Fast method to compute scattering by a buried object under a randomly rough surface: PILE combined with FB-SA," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 25, 891-902, 2008. Google Scholar

12. Jin, Y.-Q. and H. Ye, "Bistatic scattering from a 3D target above randomly rough surface," IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 57-60, 2007. Google Scholar

13. Zhang, X. Y. and X. Q. Sheng, "Highly efficient hybrid method for monostatic scattering by objects on a rough surface," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 4, 1597-1604, 2010. Google Scholar

14. Yang, W., Z. Zhao, C. Qi, W. Liu, and Z.-P. Nie, "Iterative hybrid method for electromagnetic scattering from a 3D object above a 2D random dielectric rough surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 435-448, 2011. Google Scholar

15. Johnson, J. T., "A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, 1361-1367, 2002. Google Scholar

16. Dai, S.-Y., C. Zhang, and Z.-S. Wu, "Electromagnetic scattering of objects above ground using MRTD/FDTD hybrid method," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 16, 2187-2196, 2009. Google Scholar

17. Wang, Y. H., Y. M. Zhang, M. X. He, and L. X. Guo, "Solution of scattering from rough surface with a 2D target above it by a hybrid method based on the reciprocity theorem and the forward-backward method," Chinese Physics B, Vol. 17, 3696-3703, Oct. 2008. Google Scholar

18. Xu, F. and Y.-Q. Jin, "Bidirectional analytic ray tracing for fast computation of composite scattering from electric-large target over a randomly rough surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, 1495-1505, 2009. Google Scholar

19. Bausssard, A., M. Rochdi, and A. Khenchaf, "PO/MEC-based scattering model for complex objects on a sea surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 229-251, 2011. Google Scholar

20. Li, J., L.-X. Guo, and H. Zeng, "FDTD method investigation on the polarimetric scattering from 2-D rough surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 173-188, 2010. Google Scholar

21. Li, J., L. X. Guo, Y. C. Jiao, and K. Li, "Investigation on wide-band scattering of a 2D target above 1D randomly rough surface by FDTD method," Optics Express, Vol. 19, 1091-1100, Jan. 2011. Google Scholar

22. Kuang, L. and Y. Q. Jin, "Bistatic scattering from a three-dimensional object over a randomly rough surface using the FDTD algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, 2302-2312, Aug. 2007. Google Scholar

23. Lee, S.-W., A. Ishimaru, and Y. Kuga, "Numerical analysis of scattered waves from rough surfaces with and without an object," Surface Scattering and Di®raction for Advanced Metrology II, Vol. 7-14, Seattle, WA, United States, Jul. 9, 2002. Google Scholar

24. Wang, R., L. X. Guo, J. Li, and X. Y. Liu, "Investigation on transient electromagnetic scattering from a randomly rough surface and the perfect electric conductor target with an arbitrary cross section above it," Science in China Series G --- Physics Mechanics & Astronomy, Vol. 52, 665-675, May 2009. Google Scholar

25. Sun, E.-Y. and W. V. T. Rusch, "Time-domain physical-optics," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 42, 9-15, 1994. Google Scholar

26. Ghaffar, A., A. A. Rizvi, and Q. A. Naqvi, "Fields in the focal space of symmetrical hyperboloidal focusing lens," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 89, 255-273, 2009. Google Scholar

27. Pelosi, G., R. Tiberio, S. Puccini, and S. Maci, "Applying GTD to calculate the RCS of polygonal plates," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 38, 1294-1298, 1990. Google Scholar

28. Hsu, H.-T., F.-Y. Kuo, and H.-T. Chou, "Convergence study of current sampling profiles for antenna design in the presence of electrically large and complex platforms using fit-UTD hybridization approach ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 99, 195-209, 2009. Google Scholar

29. Lertwiriyaprapa, T., P. H. Pathak, and J. L. Volakis, "An approximate UTD ray solution for the radiation and scattering by antennas near a junction between two different thin planar material slab on ground plane," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 227-248, 2010. Google Scholar

30. Ufimtsev, P. Y., "Method of edge waves in the physical theory of diffraction," Soviet Radio, Moscow, 1962. Google Scholar

31. Clemmow, P., "Edge currents in diffraction theory," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 4, 282-287, 1956. Google Scholar

32. Ryan, Jr., C., L. Peters, and Jr., "Evaluation of edge-diffracted fields including equivalent currents for the caustic regions," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 17, 292-299, 1969. Google Scholar

33. Wu, Z.-S., J.-J. Zhang, and L. Zhao, "Composite electromagnetic scattering from the plate target above a one-dimensional sea surface: Taking the diffraction into account," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 92, 317-331, 2009. Google Scholar

34. Michaeli, A., "Equivalent edge currents for arbitrary aspects of observation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 32, 252-258, 1984. Google Scholar

35. Obelleiro-Basteiro, F., J. L. Rodriguez, and R. J. Burkholder, "Iterative physical optics approach for analyzing the electromagnetic scattering by large open-ended cavities," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 43, 356-361, 1995. Google Scholar

36. Lim, H. and N.-H. Myung, "A novel hybrid AIPO-MoM technique for jet engine modulation analysis," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 104, 85-97, 2010. Google Scholar

37. Guan, Y., S.-X. Gong, S. Zhang, B. Lu, and T. Hong, "A novel time-domain physical optics for computation of electromagnetic scattering of homogeneous dielectric objects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 14, 123-134, 2010. Google Scholar

38. Qin, S.-T., S.-X. Gong, R. Wang, and L.-X. Guo, "A TDIE/TDPO hybrid method for the analysis of TM transient scattering from two-dimensional combinative conducting cylinders," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 181-195, 2010. Google Scholar

39. Faghihi, F. and H. Heydari, "A combination of time domain finite element-boundary integral with time domain physical optics for calculation of electromagnetic scattering of 3D structures," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 79, 463-474, 2008. Google Scholar

40. Faghihi, F. and H. Heydari, "Time domain physical optics for the higher-order FDTD modeling in electromagnetic scattering from 3D complex and combined multiple materials objects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 95, 87-102, 2009. Google Scholar

41. Yang, L.-X., D.-B. Ge, and B. Wei, "FDTD/TDPO hybrid approach for analysis of the EM scattering of combinative objects," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 76, 275-284, 2007. Google Scholar

42. Luo, W., W.-Y. Yin, M.-D. Zhu, and J.-Y Zhao, "Hybrid TDIE-TDPO method for studying on transient responses of some wire and surface structures illuminated by an electromagnetic pulse," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 116, 203-219, 2011. Google Scholar

43. Johansen, P. M., "Time-domain version of the physical theory of diffraction," EEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, 261-270, 1999. Google Scholar

44. Altintas, A. and P. Russer, "Time-domain equivalent edge currents for transient scattering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 49, 602-606, 2001. Google Scholar

45. Sitek, A., R. H. Huesman, and G. T. Gullberg, "Tomographic reconstruction using an adaptive tetrahedral mesh defined by a point cloud," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1172-1179, 2006. Google Scholar

46. Wang, A. Q., L. X. Guo, and C. Chai, "Numerical simulations of electromagnetic scattering from 2D rough surface: Geometric modeling by NURBS surface," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 10, 1315-1328, 2010. Google Scholar

47. De Berg, M., O. Cheong, M. van Kreveld, and M. Overmars, "Computational Geometry --- Algorithms and Applications," Springer-Verlag, New York, 2008. Google Scholar

Dr. Jie Li

Prof. Bing Wei

Dr. Qiong He

Professor Li-Xin Guo

Dr. De-Biao Ge