Vol. 56
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2005-09-16
PIER
Vol. 56, 323-333, 2006
download: 286
On Laser Radar Cross Section of Targets with Large Sizes for E-Polarization
Hosam El-Ocla
In this paper a study is presented to handle the behavior of radar cross section (RCS) of partially convex targets of large sizes up to five wavelengths in free space. The nature of incident wave is an important factor in the remote sensing and radar detection applications. To investigate the effects of incident wave nature on the RCS, scattering problems of plane and beam wave incidences are considered. Targets are taking large sizes to be bigger enough than the beam width with putting into consideration a horizontal incident wave polarization (E-wave incidence). The effects of the target configuration together with the beam width on the laser RCS compared to the case with the plane wave incidence are numerically analyzed. Therefore, we will be able to have some sort of control on radar detection using beam wave incidence.
ON LASER RADAR CROSS SECTION OF TARGETS WITH LARGE SIZES FOR  E-POLARIZATION
2005-09-16
PIER
Vol. 56, 299-322, 2006
download: 302
Hybrid Radiationb Modes of Microwave Integrated Circuit (MIC) Lines-Theory and Application
Wlodzimierz Zieniutycz
Spectral domain approach for continuous spectrum of wide class of microwave integrated circuit (MIC) lines is proposed. The continuous spectrum is treated as a continuum of so called hybrid radiation modes. They are the limits of volume modes of line in which lower and/or upper shieldings are moved to infinity. In the preliminary part of analysis a convenient classification of MIC lines into one-side opened and two-sides opened lines is introduced. The spectral domain representation of hybrid radiation modes is discussed in detail and boundary conditions for visible and invisible parts of spectrum are formulated. The normalization conditions in spectral domain are also proposed for both classes of lines. In the next part of paper an iterative approach in spectral domain is proposed for hr modes of one-side opened line. The boundary conditions for hybrid radiation modes are combined with spectral domain approach and the second order equation is formulated for unknown spectral amplitudes of electric or magnetic fields in visible part of spectrum. Two schemes of iteration are presented and they both lead to solutions classified as hybrid EH(y) and HE(y) modes. In the case of two-sides opened lines the solution is a sum of two partial solutions corresponding to symmetrical and unsymmetrical sources distributions. Each partial solution can be found by the iterative procedure proposed for one-side opened lines. The efficiency of proposed procedure was verified for the case of hybrid radiation modes of microstrip line. The results of calculations of amplitudes and phases of spectral amplitudes in visible spectrum part for examplary hybrid radiation modes are shown. As an example of an application of the hybrid radiation modes concept, the advanced cavity model of rectangular patch antenna is proposed. This model allows to calculate the parameters with acceptable precision nearly ten times faster than professional full-wave design tools. In the conclusion other possible applications of this approach are proposed e.g., in modal analysis of discontinuities including the radiation effect or 3D rectangular patch analysis.
HYBRID RADIATIONB MODES OF MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (MIC) LINES-THEORY AND APPLICATION
2005-10-05
PIER
Vol. 56, 283-298, 2006
download: 356
Ventilating Hornets Display Differential Body Temperature
Jacob Ishay , Marian Plotkin , Natalya Ermakov , Alon Goren and David J. Bergman
Our investigation entailed a thermal analysis of hornets engaging in ventilation activity at the nest entrance. In the hot summer months, between July-October, ventilating worker hornets are seen just outside the nest entrance, where they assume a typical stance, namely, with their feet erect and fastened to the substrate, their abdomen bent downward at a 90o angle to the thorax, their antennae vibrating, and their wings beating rapidly for minutes at a time. Eventually these hornets leave their position, either to retreat into the nest or else to fly off to the field, and are replaced by new hornets that assume the ventilation task. Infra-red (IR) photography reveals that in the course of the ventilation activity, the warmest region in the ventilating hornet body is the anterior upper part of the thorax, and the coolest regions are the wings, limbs, antennae and abdomen. This study involved precise and repeated measurements via IR photography of the temperature in the various body parts of the ventilating hornets, and it also offers a preliminary, tentative explanation for the observed differential body temperature. The communication value of the color of the hornet body when ventilating is discussed.
VENTILATING HORNETS DISPLAY DIFFERENTIAL BODY TEMPERATURE
2005-09-16
PIER
Vol. 56, 263-281, 2006
download: 936
Observations of L-and C-Band Backscatter and a Semi-Empirical Backscattering Model Approach from a Forest-Snow-Ground System
Ali Arslan , Jouni Pulliainen and Martti Hallikainen
Observations of L- and C-band backscatter from snow cover are presented at all polarizations. Airborne passive-microwave data was collected in Northern Finland during EMAC'95 (European Multi-sensor Airborne Campaign-95). The measurements cover the 6.8-18.7 GHz frequency range with both verticaland horizontal polarizations. The empirical SAR data were acquired by EMISAR of TechnicalUniv ersity of Denmark over the city of Oulu in Northern Finland during EMAC'95. Airborne measurements were conducted on 22-23 March, and on 2-3 May 1995. The land-use map of the test sites was obtained from the NationalLand Survey of Finland. This study combines the semi-empirical and empirical models that were developed. Applicability of the forest transmissivity formulas developed by using the different data sets of passive and active sensors is shown. Because of the effect of dry snow at C-band is more visible than at L-band. A C-band semi-empiricalbac kscattering modelis developed for the forest-snow-ground system.
OBSERVATIONS OF L-AND C-BAND BACKSCATTER AND A SEMI-EMPIRICAL BACKSCATTERING MODEL APPROACH FROM A FOREST-SNOW-GROUND SYSTEM
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 233-261, 2006
download: 323
Global Optimization and Antenna Synthesis and Diagnosis, Part Two: Applications to Advanced Reflector Antennas Synthesis and Diagnosis Techniques
Amedeo Capozzoli and Giuseppe D'Elia
The paper presents the application of the hybrid global optimization algorithm, introduced in the companion paper Part I, to reflector antenna power pattern synthesis and reflector antenna surface diagnosis from only amplitude data. The synthesis algorithm determines both the reflector surface and the excitation coefficients of the array of primary feeds to meet the designing specification on the far-field pattern expressed by means of two couple of masks bounding the squared amplitude of both the copolar and crosspolar components. The diagnosis technique allows to find the reflector surface profile from the measurement of the far field power pattern by a proper formulation of the corresponding inverse problem. In both cases we take advantage of the exploring capability of an evolutionary algorithm and of the solution refinement capability of an efficient, quasi-Newton based, local search procedure. The numerical analysis shows that Global Optimization can outperform the standard local approach, by significantly improving the performance of the synthesized antenna in the first case and by enhancing the reliability of the diagnosis procedure in the second one.
GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION AND ANTENNA SYNTHESIS AND DIAGNOSIS, PART TWO: APPLICATIONS TO ADVANCED REFLECTOR ANTENNAS SYNTHESIS AND DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUES
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 195-232, 2006
download: 270
Global Optimization and Antennas Synthesis and Diagnosis, Part One: Concepts, Tools, Strategies and Performances
Amedeo Capozzoli and Giuseppe D'Elia
This is the first of two companion papers on global optimization and antenna analysis and synthesis. In Part I, an analysis of the problems involved in Global Optimization is presented by critically discussing the basic concepts and tools, the performances to be expected, the required computational complexity and the guidelines to select algorithms solving efficiently the problem at hand. The relevance of stochastic techniques is enhanced and the role of double phase algorithms is stressed. The proof of the convergence property of an idealized version of a simplified evolutionary algorithm is provided. In Part II, the selected algorithm, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm, is tested against two real world problems relevant in electromagnetics, the power synthesis of contoured beam hybrid reflector antennas and the reflector antenna diagnosis from only amplitude data. The results of an extensive numerical analysis are presented.
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 163-182, 2006
download: 431
Microstrip Line and CPW Fed Ultra Wideband Slot Antennas with U-Shaped Tuning Stub and Reflector
Ricky Chair , Ahmed Kishk , Kai-Fong Lee , Charles Smith and Darko Kajfez
Wideband printed rectangular slot antennas backed with reflectors for unidirectional radiation patterns are investigated. A U- shaped tuning stub is used to improve the matching. Two different feeding mechanisms are introduced. A rectangular slot excited by microstrip line feed with a U-shaped tuning stub gives an impedance bandwidth of 110% ( |S11| < −10 dB). When the rectangular slot is excited by a coplanar waveguide (CPW), it gives an impedance bandwidth of 120%. Both slot antennas radiate broadside across the matching band, with front-to-back ratios of 20 dB.
MICROSTRIP LINE AND CPW FED ULTRA WIDEBAND SLOT ANTENNAS WITH U-SHAPED TUNING STUB AND REFLECTOR
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 151-162, 2006
download: 319
Microstrip - Fed Low Profile and Compact Dielectric Resonator Antennas
Mohammad Saed and Rohini Yadla
This paper presents a novel broadband, low-profile dielectric resonator antenna using relatively low dielectric constant substrate material. The rectangular DRA is fed with a stepped microstrip feed to ensure efficient coupling. Bandwidths in excess of 17% are obtained. In addition, the paper investigates methods to miniaturize the antenna using metallic strips or patches. Substantial size reduction is demonstrated while maintaining a reasonable bandwidth. Simulations as well as experimental results are presented.
MICROSTRIP - FED LOW PROFILE AND COMPACT DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNAS
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 129-150, 2006
download: 230
On the Problem with Intermodal Dispersion When Using Multiconductor Transmission Lines as Distributed Sensors
Martin Norgren
The inverse problem of using an unshielded multiconductor transmission line (MTL) as an distributed sensor is considered. The MTL is analyzed by means of the quasi-TEM mode theory and a propagator formalism. In the inverse problem, the focus is on the problem with intermodal dispersion, due to the possibility of more than one propagating mode. Reconstruction results, from both measured and simulated reflection data, are presented for a three conductor MTL that has been used for diagnosing soil and snow. Both the case when one mode propagates, and the case when two modes propagate are considered. For the latter case it is demonstrated that intermodal dispersion deteriorates the resolution in the reconstruction, due to corruption of the high frequency part of the spectrum.
ON THE PROBLEM WITH INTERMODAL DISPERSION WHEN USING MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES AS DISTRIBUTED SENSORS
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 109-128, 2006
download: 310
Electromagnetic Coupling to a Wearable Application Based on Coaxial Cable Architecture
Michel Chedid , Ilja Belov and Peter Leisner
A radiated susceptibility problem has been identified and solved by means of simulations for a wearable computer system in the frequency range 30 MHz-1 GHz. Simulation strategy is presented for analyzing the effects induced by an electromagnetic plane wave within the system comprising infra-red sensors connected by coaxial cables. A procedure of creating a TLM model of the coaxial cable with controlled electromagnetic coupling characteristics on a coarse grid is proposed. Results are verified by means of theoretical calculations. Different sensor enclosures and filtering circuits are analyzed and implemented to meet the hard electromagnetic compatibility requirements while not interfering with the functionality of the wearable application.
ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING TO A WEARABLE APPLICATION BASED ON COAXIAL CABLE ARCHITECTURE
2005-09-16
PIER
Vol. 56, 93-108, 2006
download: 344
Unsupervised Synthesis of Microwave Components by Means of an Evolutionary-Based Tool Exploiting Distributed Computing Resources
Massimo Donelli , Renzo Azaro , Andrea Massa and Mirco Raffetto
A parallel implementation of an automatic CAD tool based on the parallel virtual machine software package, genetic algorithms and finite element simulators is presented. It is shown that the parallel implementation can be obtained by developing just a few hundred lines of code and a pseudocode description is provided. Finally, selected numerical results are provided in order to show the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed approach.
UNSUPERVISED SYNTHESIS OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS BY MEANS OF AN EVOLUTIONARY-BASED TOOL EXPLOITING DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING RESOURCES
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 81-92, 2006
download: 246
Multiple-Scale Analysis of Plane Wave Refraction at a Dielectric Slab with Kerr-Type Nonlinearity
Kiarash Aghaie and Mahmoud Shahabadi
Multiple-scale analysis is employed for the analysis of plane wave refraction at a nonlinear slab. It will be demonstrated that the perturbation method will lead to a nonuniformly valid approximation to the solution of the nonlinear wave equation. To construct a uniformly valid approximation, we will exploit multiplescale analysis. Using this method, we will derive the zerothorder approximation to the solution of the nonlinear wave equation analytically. This approximate solution clearly shows the effects of self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) on plane wave refraction at the nonlinear slab. In fact, the obtained zeroth-order approximation is very accurate and there is not any need for derivation of higher-order approximations. As will be shown, the proposed method can be generalized to the rigorous study of nonlinear wave propagation in one-dimensional photonic band-gap structures.
MULTIPLE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF PLANE WAVE REFRACTION AT A DIELECTRIC SLAB WITH KERR-TYPE NONLINEARITY
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 67-80, 2006
download: 307
Aspects on the Phase Delay and Phase Velocity in the Electromagnetic Near-Field
Johan Sten and A. Hujanen
The phase of a complex field and its speed of propagation are fundamental concepts of electromagnetic wave motion. Although it seems to be well-known that faster than light propagation of the phase may occur in, e.g., waveguides and certain dispersive media, it is often ignored that a similar phenomenon, in fact a very marked one,presents itself in the near-field of an arbitrary oscillating current in vacuum. Connected herewith is the observation that the phases of the transverse field components of a dipole approach kr - π/2, and not kr, in the radiation zone. This article illustrates these phenomena by theoretical and numerical examples as well as indicates their consequences for broad-band wireless communication over short distances.
ASPECTS ON THE PHASE DELAY AND PHASE VELOCITY IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC NEAR-FIELD
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 53-66, 2006
download: 219
A New Technique to Find the MEI Coefficients in the Time Domain: Self-Metron Technique
Reza Pazoki and Ahmad Cheldavi
Measured equation of invariance in the time domain (TD-MEI) has been used as an FDTD-ABC. The TD-MEI coefficients, are derived using a new technique named "self metron". Unlike the traditional MEI, in this technique there is no need to use metrons to find the MEI coefficients. The real field values of the same FDTD problem but with a PEC surface instead of a radiation boundary condition are sampled and used to find the MEI coefficients. The key is to locate the PEC mesh truncation, farther away than the MEI truncation boundary, such that during the sampling time interval, no wave reflects into the MEI truncation boundary. After the MEI coefficients are found, according to the "time invariance" property of the TD-MEI coefficients, the MEI boundary absorbs the wave for all times. The proposed technique is very fast and the results show that the accuracy is much higher than traditional absorbing boundary conditions and some other ABC's.
A NEW TECHNIQUE TO FIND THE MEI COEFFICIENTS IN THE TIME DOMAIN: SELF-METRON TECHNIQUE
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 33-51, 2006
download: 257
Analysis of Transmission of a Signal through a Complex Cylindrical/Coaxial Cavity by Transmission Line Methods
Charles Bopp III and Chalmers Butler
The transmission of time-harmonic and transient signals through a complex cylindrical cavity is investigated by methods akin to microwave circuit techniques. The cavity may consist of multiple overlapping cascaded coaxial and circular cylindrical sections whose walls are perfect electric conductors. The sections may have different axial and radial dimensions and may be filled with material having different magnetic and electric properties. The first and last sections of the cavity are coaxial regions where only TEM modes exist, which allows measurements to be performed with proper excitation and termination. The cavity sections may support both a TEM mode and additional higher order modes or may support one or the other. If two sections have a common junction and each supports only one mode, then the junction is modeled by a simple two-port network. When additional modes are present, they are modeled by addition ports at the network junction. Corresponding equivalent transmission lines are associated with each mode at a physical junction. At each junction, scattering parameters are calculated and used to model the interaction of the various modes that exist. The S-parameters at each junction are determined separately by solving a simple integral equation that accounts for the structure of the junction and adjoining sections of coaxial and/or cylindrical guide. The cavity fields are, thus, associated with equivalent currents and voltages on transmission lines. A transmission line network is developed from which the input fields, fields at the cavity termination, and junction fields can be found by microwave circuit techniques or by the BLT transmission line analysis. The results from the transmission line method are compared with results calculated from a coupled integral equation analysis which has been carefully validated experimentally and with measured values on laboratory models.
ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION OF A SIGNAL THROUGH A COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL/COAXIAL CAVITY BY TRANSMISSION LINE METHODS
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 19-32, 2006
download: 261
A Complete Variational Method for Capacitance Extractions
Weng Cho Chew and Lijun Jiang
In the past, coupling capacitances between conductors was extracted using charge distributions directly. In this paper a set of new generalized variational formulas are derived. They are complete since they are valid not only for self-capacitances, but also for mutual capacitances. As for the realistic numerical implementation, elastance matrices become asymmetrical because of numerical method used. Then a more general variational formula is derived to account for the asymmetrical elastance matrix case. By these novel formulas the computational accuracy can be significantly improved compared to the conventional capacitance extraction method.
A COMPLETE VARIATIONAL METHOD FOR CAPACITANCE EXTRACTIONS
2005-08-23
PIER
Vol. 56, 1-18, 2006
download: 307
Characteristics of a Microstrip-Fed Miniature Printed Hilbert Slot Antenna
Abu T. Sayem and Mohammod Ali
The resonant frequencies and input impedance of a microstrip-fed third order Hilbert slot antenna are studied as function of antenna and substrate parameters. A distinct dualband characteristic is observed. Findings from HFSS simulation are validated by prototype fabrication and experimental measurement. The two resonant frequencies maintain a ratio of approximately 1.4 for narrow slots. A design parameter, Lax is identified which needs to be about 0.80λg at the lowest operating frequency. The Hilbert slot provides a unidirectional pattern when operated against a metallic ground plane while maintaining dual-band characteristics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MICROSTRIP-FED MINIATURE PRINTED HILBERT SLOT ANTENNA