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2008-08-12
PIER
Vol. 83, 435-445, 2008
download: 380
Eddy Currents in Laminated Rectangular Cores
Saurabh Kumar Mukerji Moleykutty George M. Ramamurthy Khandaker Asaduzzaman
A simplified expression for the eddy current loss in laminated rectangular core is obtained using linear electromagnetic field analysis. The treatment takes cognizance of current interruption phenomena, by considering capacitive effects of insulation regions. Analysis presented in this paper assumes identical field distribution in each lamination and ignores eddy currents in insulation regions.
EDDY CURRENTS IN LAMINATED RECTANGULAR CORES
2008-08-08
PIER
Vol. 83, 413-434, 2008
download: 170
A Novel Method for Microwave Breast Cancer Detection
Huiyu Zhang Soon Yim Tan Hong Siang Tan
This paper presents a novel method for microwave breast cancer detection using a parallel-plate waveguide probe. The method is based on detecting the dielectric contrast between a malignant tumor and its surrounding tissues. Our analysis and simulations indicate that scattered signals from a tumor (modelled as a lossy dielectric sphere with higher dielectric constant than the surrounding tissues) received in the form of S parameter S11 have resonating characteristics in the frequency range of 1 to 7 GHz. A frequency scan of the resonant scattered signals provides data of the presence and location of the tumor. Through numerical examples, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to detect breast tumors of different sizes, embedded at different depths and to distinguish a tumor from clutter items is demonstrated.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR MICROWAVE BREAST CANCER DETECTION
2008-08-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 397-412, 2008
download: 117
Microwave Imaging from Amplitude-Only Data - Advantages and Open Problems of a Two-Step Multi-Resolution Strategy
Gabriele Franceschini Massimo Donelli Davide Franceschini Manuel Benedetti Paolo Rocca Andrea Massa
In this contribution, a two step strategy for the inversion of amplitude-only data in microwave imaging applications is analyzed. At the first step of the proposed method, the illuminating source is synthesized according to a line sources model in order to compute the incident field in the investigation domain starting from the values available in the measurement domain. The second step is aimed at reconstructing the profile of the objects under test thanks to the iterative multi-scaling approach integrated with the Particle Swarm Optimizer, an effective evolutionary minimization technique. The reconstruction accuracy of the proposed phaseless retrieval strategy is analyzed using synthetic data concerned with a multiple scatterer configuration and successively further assessed inverting experimental data.
MICROWAVE IMAGING FROM AMPLITUDE-ONLY DATA - ADVANTAGES AND OPEN PROBLEMS OF A TWO-STEP MULTI-RESOLUTION STRATEGY
2008-08-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 385-396, 2008
download: 156
Multi-Angular Scatterometer Measurements for Various Stages of Rice Growth
Ka-Sing Lim Voon Koo Hong-Tat Ewe
This paper presents comprehensive measurements of radar backscatter from rice crops using a ground-based 6 GHz C-band scatterometer system. The measurements were conducted over an entire season from the early vegetative stage of the plants to the ripening stage with full polarization combinations of HH, VV, HV and VH at the incident angle range from 0o to 60o. The objective of this paper is to access the use of the ground-based scatterometer data for the investigation of temporal variation of different incident angle in the rice growth monitoring application. A further study on the angular response for different rice growth stages was also performed in order to have a better understanding of the backscattering behavior of the rice crops and therefore, monitoring of rice crops growth using operational scatterometer system.
MULTI-ANGULAR SCATTEROMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR VARIOUS STAGES OF RICE GROWTH
2008-08-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 375-384, 2008
download: 102
Enhancement of Radiation Properties of a Compact Planar Antenna Using Transformation Media as Substrates
Zhaoyun Duan Bae-Ian Wu Jin Au Kong Fanmin Kong Sheng Xi
In this paper we study the behavior of wave radiation of a horizontal electric dipole antenna with grounded metamaterial substrates formed by using coordinate transformation technology. From theoretical analysis and simulation results, we can find that such metamaterial substrates not only improve the directive emission but also enhance the radiation efficiency as the dipole antenna gets closer and closer to the metallic ground plane. We thus demonstrate that the transformation medium can offer a theoretical basis for designing a compact planar antenna with transformation media as substrates.
ENHANCEMENT OF RADIATION PROPERTIES OF A COMPACT PLANAR ANTENNA USING TRANSFORMATION MEDIA AS SUBSTRATES
2008-08-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 353-374, 2008
download: 240
Electromagnetic Modeling of Retinal Photoreceptors
Cahit Canbay İlhami Ünal
New electromagnetic models for the rods and cones that are the photoreceptors at the back of the retina are developed and simulated in order to explain the roles of dimension, geometrical structure, directional sensitivity and visual pigments of the photoreceptors in the reception of visible light. The rods and cones are modeled as uniform and quasi-tapered helical antennas, respectively. The results of the model study show that if the model antennas have the original photoreceptor cell dimensions, the frequency responses of the model antennas and the spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors would be very close to each other. In addition, it's observed that the spectral sensitivities of L, M and S cones are broadband over the visible light spectrum, and there are secondary peaks beside main peaks in the spectral sensitivity curves of the cones, because of the conical shape of the cones. It's also observed that there is only one main peak in the spectral sensitivity curves of the rods, because of the uniform and cylindrical shape of the rods. Finally, an array of the novel modeled antennas is also discussed to be used in biomedical applications of artificial retinal photoreceptors in medicine, although the main scope is not designing artificial retinal photoreceptor prosthesis.
ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF RETINAL PHOTORECEPTORS
2008-08-05
PIER
Vol. 83, 335-352, 2008
download: 212
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of High-Efficiency Wide-Band Multimodal Square Horns for Discrete Lenses
Elson Agastra Giancarlo Bellaveglia Leonardo Lucci Renzo Nesti Giuseppe Pelosi Gianfranco Ruggerini Stefano Selleri
By properly exciting higher order modes at an aperture it is possible to achieve higher aperture efficiencies. High efficiency antennas are mandatory in many applications, as discrete lenses, since the single element efficiency deeply affects the efficiency of the whole lens. In this contribution a genetic algorithm is applied to the mode matching analysis of square horns to achieve high radiation efficiency over a relatively wide band.
GENETIC ALGORITHM OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY WIDE-BAND MULTIMODAL SQUARE HORNS FOR DISCRETE LENSES
2008-08-05
PIER
Vol. 83, 323-333, 2008
download: 223
Compact and Wideband 1-D Mushroom-Like EBG Filters
S. Moghadasi Amir Attari Mir Mirsalehi
Anew wideband and compact bandstop filter using one dimensional (1-D) mushroom-like electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures is proposed in this paper. Although the proposed structure can not be fabricated as easy as defected ground structure (DGS) filters, it has several winning features such as more compactness, better characteristics and no backward radiation. A5-cell 1-D mushroomlike EBG filter is compared with 5-cell and 9-cell circular DGS filters. The 1-D mushroom-like EBG filter is found to be more compact as it requires fewer cells for the same characteristics and also as it has 0.44 times shorter cell length. The proposed EBG filter has a 10-dB bandwidth of 39% while the 5-cell and 9-cell DGS filters have 10-dB bandwidth of 20% and 27%, respectively. Also, the 1-D mushroom-like EBG filter is studied for various number of cells and compared with a two dimensional (2-D) structure. The simulated and measured results are found to be in good agreement.
COMPACT AND WIDEBAND 1-D MUSHROOM-LIKE EBG FILTERS
2008-07-30
PIER
Vol. 83, 307-321, 2008
download: 362
A 3-12 GHz UWB Planar Triangular Monopole Antenna with Ridged Ground-Plane
Chi-Chang Lin Huey-Ru Chuang
A novel technique to increase the bandwidth of the conventional planar triangular monopole antenna (PTMA) is presented. With two symmetrical corrugations extended from the flat ground plane, a significant improvement on the impedance bandwidth up to about 4:1 can be achieved. The proposed antenna design is a modification from the conventional volcano smoke antenna (VSA) and can be more compact and easily fabricated. The HFSS 3-D EM solver is employed for design simulation. The effects of the ridged ground plane on the impedance bandwidth are studied. A printed PTMA is fabricated on the FR-4 PCB substrate. Measured VSWR of the printed PTMA with the ridged ground plane is less than 2 from 3 to 12 GHz which covers the UWB frequency band. The measured antenna patterns also show the monopole-type omni-directional radiation patterns from 3 to about 10 GHz.
A 3-12 GHZ UWB PLANAR TRIANGULAR MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH RIDGED GROUND-PLANE
2008-07-29
PIER
Vol. 83, 293-306, 2008
download: 636
Studies on Dual-Band Multi-Slot Antennas
Chien-Jen Wang Su-Wei Chang
A new technique is proposed to increase the bandwidth (BW) of slot antenna operated at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, over the industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) bands and the Hiperlan2 bands. By splitting two side slots of the Z-like slot antenna into two or three fingers, several additional resonances can be created. By properly arranging the geometry of the feeding structure in the multi-slot region, the double-slot and triple-slot antennas have respectively 2.0 and 3.2 times wider bandwidth than the single Z-slot antenna. According to the results, the proposedtriple-slot antenna can provide two separated impedance bandwidths of 672 Hz (about 28.3% centered at 2.4 GHz band) and 2752 MHz (about 53.5% centered at 5.2 GHz band), making it easily cover the required bandwidths for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz bandand 5.2/5.8 GHz bands.
STUDIES ON DUAL-BAND MULTI-SLOT ANTENNAS
2008-07-29
PIER
Vol. 83, 279-291, 2008
download: 114
Application of Electromagnetism-Like Algorithm to Phase-Only Syntheses of Antenna Arrays
Kun-Chou Lee Jhen-Yan Jhang
In this paper, a novel stochastic approach, i.e., the electromagnetism-like (EM-like) algorithm, is applied to phase-only syntheses of antenna arrays. The goal is to minimize the pattern sidelobe under null-steering constraints by phase-only adjusting. The mechanism of EM-like algorithm results from the Coulomb's Law of Electromagnetics. It does not require gradient calculations, and can automatically converge at a good solution through the virtual charge of each particle. Simulation results show that the EM-like algorithm can well treat the phase-only optimization of antenna arrays. Although the null-steering constraints will affect the optimization in sidelobe reduction, it can be easily included in the EM-like based optimization scheme. The EM-like algorithm can be applied not only to problems of antenna arrays, but also to many other nonlinear optimization problems in electromagnetic waves.
APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM-LIKE ALGORITHM TO PHASE-ONLY SYNTHESES OF ANTENNA ARRAYS
2008-07-07
PIER
Vol. 83, 257-277, 2008
download: 129
Hybrid Empirical-Neural Model of Loaded Microwave Cylindrical Cavity
Zoran Stankovic Bratislav Milovanovic Nebojsa Doncov
A hybrid empirical-neural (HEN) model, to account for a loading effect of arbitrary raised dielectric slab in a microwave cylindrical metallic cavity, is presented. It is based on combination of an approximate model, as a rough empirical knowledge holder, and multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) neural network. In comparison with the model based only on MLP network, more accurate and efficient resonant frequencies calculation is achieved.
HYBRID EMPIRICAL-NEURAL MODEL OF LOADED MICROWAVE CYLINDRICAL CAVITY
2008-06-24
PIER
Vol. 83, 245-255, 2008
download: 159
Compact Dual Band Slot Loaded Circular Microstrip Antenna with a Superstrate
Deepti Krishna Madanan Gopikrishna Aanandan Chandroth Pezholil Mohanan Kesavath Vasudevan
Design of a compact dual frequency microstrip antenna is presented. The structure consists of a slotted circular patch with a dielectric superstrate. The superstrate, not only acts as a radome, but improves the bandwidth and lowers the resonant frequency also. The proposed design provides an overall size reduction of about 60% compared to an unslotted patch along with good efficiency, gain and bandwidth. The polarization planes at the two resonances are orthogonal and can be simultaneously excited using a coaxial feed. Parametric study of this configuration showed that the frequency ratio of the two resonances can be varied from 1.17 to 1.7 enabling its applications in the major wireless communication bands like AWS, DECT, PHS, Wi.Bro, ISM, and DMB. Design equations are also deduced for the proposed antenna and validated.
COMPACT DUAL BAND SLOT LOADED CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH A SUPERSTRATE
2008-06-16
PIER
Vol. 83, 225-244, 2008
download: 114
Rectangular Waveguide-Fed Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
P. Abdulla Ajay Chakraborty
Hemispherical dielectric resonator (HDR) antenna excited with a thick slot at the short circuited end of waveguide is analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. The problems are formulated using the Green's function approach; with unknown slot currents solved using the method of moments (MOM). The HDR is modeled using exact magnetic field Green's function due to the equivalent magnetic current in the slot. The field inside the waveguide is expressed in terms of model vectors and modal functions. Thickness of the slot is analyzed using cavity approach. For the analysis of HDR antenna part, the modal series is represented as a sum of particular and homogeneous solutions. The particular solution is computed efficiently using spectral domain approach. In order to determine the effects of varying design parameters on bandwidth and matching, sensitivity analysis is carried out using the code developed. Measurements were carried out to verify the theory, and reasonable agreement between them is obtained.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE-FED HEMISPHERICAL DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA
2008-06-16
PIER
Vol. 83, 199-224, 2008
download: 151
Scattering from a Thin Magnetic Layer with a Periodic Lateral Magnetization: Application to Electromagnetic Absorbers
Jörgen Ramprecht Martin Norgren Daniel Sjöberg
A magnetized thin layer mounted on a PEC surface is considered as an alternative for an absorbing layer. The magnetic material is modeled with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, with a lateral static magnetization having a periodic variation along one lateral direction. The scattering problem is solved by means of an expansion into Floquet-modes, a propagator formalism and wavesplitting. Numerical results are presented, and for parameter values close to the typical values for ferro- or ferrimagnetic media, reflection coefficients below -20 dB can be achieved for the fundamental mode over the frequency range 1-4 GHz, for both polarizations. It is found that the periodicity of the medium makes the reflection properties for the fundamental mode almost independent of the azimuthal direction of incidence, for both normally and obliquely incident waves.
SCATTERING FROM A THIN MAGNETIC LAYER WITH A PERIODIC LATERAL MAGNETIZATION: APPLICATION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORBERS
2008-06-10
PIER
Vol. 83, 185-198, 2008
download: 128
Weights Optimization of Neural Network via Improved BCO Approach
Yu-Dong Zhang Lenan Wu
Feed forward neural Network (FNN) has been widely applied to many fields because of its ability to closely approximate unknown function to any degree of desired accuracy. Back Propagation (BP) is the most general learning algorithms, but is subject to local optimal convergence and poor performance even on simple problems when forecasting out of samples. Thus, we proposed an improved Bacterial Chemotaxis Optimization (BCO) approach as a possible alternative to the problematic BP algorithm, along with a novel adaptive search strategy to improve the efficiency of the traditional BCO. Taking the classical XOR problem and sinc function approximation as examples, comparisons were implemented. The results demonstrate that our algorithm is obviously superior in convergence rate and precision compared with other training algorithms, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Taboo Search (TS).
WEIGHTS OPTIMIZATION OF NEURAL NETWORK VIA IMPROVED BCO APPROACH
2008-06-09
PIER
Vol. 83, 173-183, 2008
download: 135
Hybrid Array Antenna for Broadband Millimeter-Wave Applications
Sandra Costanzo Ignazio Venneri Giuseppe Di Massa Giandomenico Amendola
A hybrid array configuration suitable for wideband millimeter-wave applications is presented in this work. The proposed structure is based on the use of circular waveguide elements electromagnetically coupled trough circular apertures to a stripline distribution network. The adopted excitation mechanism avoids the use of transition components generally reducing the overall antenna efficiency. Simulated and measured results on a Ka-band prototype are discussed to prove the wideband radiation behavior.
HYBRID ARRAY ANTENNA FOR BROADBAND MILLIMETER-WAVE APPLICATIONS
2008-06-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 157-172, 2008
download: 308
Analysis of TF-SF Boundary for 2D-FDTD with Plane P-Wave Propagation in Layered Dispersive and Lossy Media
Yan-Nan Jiang De-Biao Ge Shi-Jing Ding
In the application of two-dimension (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) to scattering analysis of object embedded in layered media, the incident electromagnetic wave propagation is much more complicated, it can not inject the plane wave source by traditional method. To solve this problem, the Π-shape total-field/scatteringfield (TF-SF) boundary scheme is presented. The side TF-SF boundaries are governed by the modified 1D Maxwell's equations, but the discretization for which to p-wave is more difficult than n-wave. Then an auxiliary magnetic variable is used, which can develop the modified 1D-FDTD to p-wave without any approximately. To truncate the modified 1D-FDTD, the convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is also given. Examples showthe feasibility and applicability of proposed Π-shape TF/SF boundaries scheme.
ANALYSIS OF TF-SF BOUNDARY FOR 2D-FDTD WITH PLANE P-WAVE PROPAGATION IN LAYERED DISPERSIVE AND LOSSY MEDIA
2008-06-06
PIER
Vol. 83, 147-155, 2008
download: 150
Design and Application of a Beam Shifter by Transformation Media
Meng Yu Wang Jing Jing Zhang Hongsheng Chen Yingliang Luo Sheng Xi Li-Xin Ran Jin Au Kong
A set of beam shifter which can effectively control the propagation of the beam is proposed. The permittivity and permeability of the beam shifter can be obtained by applying forminvariant, spatial coordinate transformations to Maxwell's equations. We show that the beam is smoothly guided to avoid hitting some irremovable objects, which could be useful in the practical application. Besides, inspired by some phenomenon from the above application, an interesting utilization has been found that by placing a set of beam shifters, electromagnetic detectors can be misled and make mistakes about where the target is located, which is very useful in the antidetection. All our ideas are verified by numerical simulations with finite element method.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF A BEAM SHIFTER BY TRANSFORMATION MEDIA
2008-05-23
PIER
Vol. 83, 133-146, 2008
download: 167
CPW-Fed Multi-Band Omni-Directional Planar Microstrip Antenna Using Composite Metamaterial Resonators for Wireless Communications
Li-Ming Si Xin Lv
A novel approach for the design of a compact multiband planar microstrip antenna is presented. This type of antenna is composed of composite metamaterial resonators (including conditional microstrip resonators and metamaterial resonators), and fed by signal feed. A sample antenna with composite closed-ring resonator and split-ring resonator (SRR) fed by 50Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) developed on FR4_epoxy substrate for multi-band wireless communication applications is presented. Appropriate design of the composite structure resulted in three discontinuous resonant bands. The fundamental magnetic resonant and electric resonant frequency of SRR and the first electric resonant frequency of the closed-ring resonator were combined to form low, middle, and high resonant band. The properties of this antenna are investigated by theoretical analysis and finite element method (FEM) simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed antenna has good impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics in the three operating bands which cover the required band widths of the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local-area networks (WLAN) and 3.5/5.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax) with return loss of better than 10 dB. The antenna also has stably omni-directional H-plane radiation patterns within the three operating bands.
CPW-FED MULTI-BAND OMNI-DIRECTIONAL PLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING COMPOSITE METAMATERIAL RESONATORS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS