volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The paper presents the application of the hybrid global optimization algorithm, introduced in the companion paper Part I, to reflector antenna power pattern synthesis and reflector antenna surface diagnosis from only amplitude data. The synthesis algorithm determines both the reflector surface and the excitation coefficients of the array of primary feeds to meet the designing specification on the far-field pattern expressed by means of two couple of masks bounding the squared amplitude of both the copolar and crosspolar components. The diagnosis technique allows to find the reflector surface profile from the measurement of the far field power pattern by a proper formulation of the corresponding inverse problem. In both cases we take advantage of the exploring capability of an evolutionary algorithm and of the solution refinement capability of an efficient, quasi-Newton based, local search procedure. The numerical analysis shows that Global Optimization can outperform the standard local approach, by significantly improving the performance of the synthesized antenna in the first case and by enhancing the reliability of the diagnosis procedure in the second one.

1. Bucci, O. M., G. D'Elia, G. Mazzarella, and G. Panariello, "Antenna pattern synthesis: a new general approach," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 82, No. 3, 358-371, 1994.
doi:10.1109/5.272140 Google Scholar

2. Bucci, O. M., G. D'Elia, and G. Romito, "Synthesis technique for scanning and/or reconfigurable beams reflector antennas with phase-only control," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 143, 402-412, 1996.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:19960262 Google Scholar

3. Shen, B. and W. L. Stutzman, "Design of sperical trireflector antennas with high aperture efficiency," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 41, No. 6, 778-786, 1993.
doi:10.1109/8.250440 Google Scholar

4. Searle, A. D. and B. S. Westcott, "Hybrid antenna synthesis for reconfigurable contoured beams," IEE Proc. Pt. H., Vol. 140, No. 4, 263-268, 1993. Google Scholar

5. Botha, E. and D. A. McNamara, "Conformal array synthesis using alternating pro jections with maximal likelihood estimation used in one of the pro jection operator," Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, 1733-1734, 1993. Google Scholar

6. Clarricoats, P. J. B., A. D. Monk, and H. Zhou, "Array- fed reconfigurable reflectors for spacecraft systems," Electronics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 8, 613-614, 1994.
doi:10.1049/el:19940456 Google Scholar

7. Steiskal, H., "Synthesis of antenna patterns with imposed near- field nulls," Electronics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 24, 2000-2001, 1994.
doi:10.1049/el:19941417 Google Scholar

8. Duan, D. W. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "A generalized diffraction synthesis technique for high performance reflector antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 43, No. 1, 27-40, 1995.
doi:10.1109/8.366348 Google Scholar

9. Buckley, M. J., "Synthesis of shaped beams antenna patterns using implicitly constrained current elements," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 44, 192-197, 1996.
doi:10.1109/8.481647 Google Scholar

10. Vaskelainen, L. J., "Iterative least-squares synthesis methods for conformal array antennas with optimized polarization and frequency properties," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 45, No. 7, 1179-1185, 1997.
doi:10.1109/8.596912 Google Scholar

11. Landesa, L., F. Obelleiro, J. L. Rodriguez, and A. G. Pino, "Pattern synthesis of array antennas in presence of conducting bodies of arbitrary shape," Electronics. Letters, Vol. 33, No. 18, 1512-1513, 1997.
doi:10.1049/el:19971014 Google Scholar

12. Obelleiro, F., L. Landesa, J. L. Rodriguez, A. G. Pino, and M. R. Pino, "Directivity optimisation of an array antenna with obstacles within the near-field region," Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 25, 2087-2088, 1997.
doi:10.1049/el:19971434 Google Scholar

13. Landesa, L., F. Obelleiro, J. L. Rodriguez, J. A. Rodriguez, F. Ares, and A. G. Pino, "Pattern synthesis of array antennas with additional isolation of near-field arbitrary ob jects," Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 16, 1540-1541, 1998.
doi:10.1049/el:19981081 Google Scholar

14. Hay, S. G., "Dual-shaped-reflector directivity pattern synthesis using the successive pro jections method," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 146, No. 2, 119-124, 1999.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:19990560 Google Scholar

15. Hoferer, R. A. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "A GO-subreflector implementation methodology using a Fourier-Jacobi surface expansion," Proc. of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Vol. 4, 2328-2331, 1999. Google Scholar

16. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "An effective power synthesis technique for shaped, double-reflector multifeed antennas," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 17, No. 5, 743-754, 2003.
doi:10.1163/156939303322226400 Google Scholar

17. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "Reconfigurable conformal array synthesis with near field constraints," PIERS 2000, Vol. '' S 2000, 5-14, 2000. Google Scholar

18. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "Synthesis of reflector antennas with near-field constraints," Proceedings of the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Society, Vol. 1, 562-565, 2001. Google Scholar

19. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "A global optimization technique in the synthesis of reflector antennas," 17th Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 19-23, 2001. Google Scholar

20. Haupt, R. L., "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 42, No. 7, 993-999, 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.299602 Google Scholar

21. Mitchell, R. J., B. Chambers, and A. P. Anderson, "Array pattern synthesis in the complex plane optimised by a genetic algorithm," Electronics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 20, 1843-1845, 1996.
doi:10.1049/el:19961255 Google Scholar

22. Johnson, J. M. and Y. Rahmat Samii, "Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics," IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 39, No. 4, 7-25, 1997.
doi:10.1109/74.632992 Google Scholar

23. Ferreira, J. A. and F. Ares, "Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays by the simulated annealing technique," Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 14, 1187-1189, 1997.
doi:10.1049/el:19970838 Google Scholar

24. Yan, K.-K. and Y. Lu, "Side lobe reduction in array-pattern synthesis using genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 45, No. 7, 1117-1122, 1997.
doi:10.1109/8.596902 Google Scholar

25. Markus, K. and L. Vaskelainen, "Optimisation of synthesised array excitations using array polynome complex root swapping and genetic algorithms," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 145, No. 6, 460-464, 1998.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:19982041 Google Scholar

26. Marcano, D. and F. Duran, "Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 3, 12-20, 2000.
doi:10.1109/74.848944 Google Scholar

27. Safak, M., "Limitation on reflector antenna gain by random surface errors, pointing errors, and the angle-of arrival jitter," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 38, No. 1, 117-121, 1990.
doi:10.1109/8.43597 Google Scholar

28. Rochblatt, D. J. and Y. Rahamat-Samii, "Effects of measurement Errors on microwave antenna holography," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 39, No. 7, 933-942, 1991.
doi:10.1109/8.86912 Google Scholar

29. Ramson, P. L. and R. Mittra, "A method for locating defective elements in large phased array," Phased Arrays, 351-356, 1972. Google Scholar

30. Bennet, J. C, A. P. Anderson, P. A. McInnes, and A. J. T. Whitaker, "Microwave holographic metrology of large reflector antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 24, No. 5, 293-303, 1976. Google Scholar

31. Rahamat-Samii, Y., "Surface diagnosis of large reflector antennas using microwave holographic metrology: an iterative approach," Radio Science, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1205-1217, 1984. Google Scholar

32. Rahamat-Samii, Y., "Microwave holography of large reflector antennas-simulation algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 33, No. 11, 1194-1203, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1985.1143515 Google Scholar

33. Morris, D., "Phase retrieval in the radio holography of reflector antennas and radio telescopes," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 33, No. 7, 749-755, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1985.1143663 Google Scholar

34. Morris, D., "Correction to: phase retrieval in the radio holography of reflector antennas and radio telescopes," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 33, No. 12, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1985.1143537 Google Scholar

35. Anderson, A. P. and S. Sali, "New possibilities for phaseless microwave diagnostics. Part 1: Error reduction techniques," IEE Proceedings Pt. H, Vol. 132, No. 5, 291-298, 1985. Google Scholar

36. Gardenier, P. H., C. A. Lim, D. G. H. Tan, and R. H. T. Bates, "Aperture distribution phase from single radiation pattern measurement via Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm," Electronic Letters, Vol. 22, No. 2, 113-115, 1986. Google Scholar

37. Rahamat-Sarnii, Y., "Correction to: microwave holography of large reflector antennas-simulation algorithms," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 34, No. 6, 1986. Google Scholar

38. Morris, D., H. Hein, H. Steppe, and J. W. M. Baars, "Phase retrieval radio holography in the Fresnel region: tests on the 30 m telescope at 86 GHz," IEE Proceedings Pt. H, Vol. 135, No. 1, 61-64, 1988. Google Scholar

39. Anderson, A. P. and J. E. M. McCorrnack, "Phase retrieval enhancement of antenna metrology data," Electronic Letters, Vol. 24, No. 19, 1243-1244, 1988. Google Scholar

40. Rochblatt, D. J. and Y. Rahamat-Samii, "Effects of measurement errors on microwave antenna holography," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 39, No. 7, 933-942, 1991.
doi:10.1109/8.86912 Google Scholar

41. Wood, P. J., "A new methodology for reconstructing aperture field from spherical surface data, with application to the array diagnostic," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 39, 1436-1441, 1991.
doi:10.1109/8.99057 Google Scholar

42. Morris, D., J. H. Davis, and C. E. Mayer, "Experimental assessment of phase retrieval holography of radiotelescope," IEE Proceedings Pt. H, Vol. 138, No. 3, 243-247, 1991. Google Scholar

43. Morris, D., "Simulated annealing applied to the Misell algorithm for phase retrieval," IEE Proceedings Pt. H, Vol. 143, No. 4, 298-303, 1991. Google Scholar

44. Anderson, A. P., Y. D. Cheung, and J. Junkin, "Phase retrieval near-field metrology of unknown aperture," Electronic Letters, Vol. 28, No. 5, 454-455, 1992. Google Scholar

45. Lord, J. A., G. G. Cook, and A. P. Anderson, "Reconstruction of the excitation of an array antenna from measured near-field intensity using phase retrieval," IEE Proceedings-Pt. H, Vol. 139, No. 4, 392-396, 1992. Google Scholar

46. Rochblatt, D. J., P. M. Withington, and H. J. Jackson, "DSS-24 microwave holography measurement," NASA/JPL TDA Progress Report, 1995. Google Scholar

47. Richter, P. H. and D. J. Rochblatt, "A microwave performance calibration system for NASA's deep space network antennas, Part 1: Assessment of antenna gain and pointing, and calibration of radio sources," 10th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, No. 4, 1997. Google Scholar

48. Rochblatt, D. J., P. H. Richter, and T. Y. Otoshi, "A microwave performance calibration system for NASA's deep space network antennas, Part 2: Holography, alignment, and frequency stability," 10th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, No. 4, 1997. Google Scholar

49. Leone, G. and R. Pierri, "Reflector antenna diagnosis from phaseless data," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 45, No. 8, 1236-1244, 1997.
doi:10.1109/8.611242 Google Scholar

50. Bucci, O. M., G. D'Elia, and G. Romito, "Reflector distortions diagnosis from far-field amplitude pattern," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 43, No. 11, 1217-1225, 1995. Google Scholar

51. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "A hybrid evolutionary algorithm in the diagnosis of reflector distortions," JINA 98, 17-19, 1998. Google Scholar

52. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "A hybrid evolutionary algorithm in the diagnosis of reflector distortions from far-field amplitude pattern," Atti del la Fondazione Ronchi, Vol. 54, No. 3, 503-519, 1999. Google Scholar

53. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "A Lamarckian â€” type evolutionary algorithm for large reflector diagnosis," XXVI General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, 13-21, 1999. Google Scholar

54. Bucci, O. M., A. Capozzoli, and G. D'Elia, "Diagnosis of array faults from far-field amplitude-only data," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 48, 647-652, 2000.
doi:10.1109/8.855482 Google Scholar

55. Tikhonov, A. and V. Arsenine, Methodes de Resolution de Problemes Mal Poses, MIR, 1976.

56. Lamb, J. W. and A. D. Olver, "Blockage due to subreflector supports in large radiotelescopes antennas," IEE Proceedings, 43-49, 1986. Google Scholar

57. Moldsvor, A. and P. Kildal, "Analysis of aperture blockage in reflector antennas by using obstacle-located blockage currents," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 40, 1992.
doi:10.1109/8.123364 Google Scholar

58. Luenberger, D. G., Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Addison-Wesley, 1984.

59. Born, M. and M. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, 1970.

60. Capozzoli, A., "On a new recursive formula for zernike polynomials first order derivatives," Atti del la Fondazione G. Ronchi, No. 6, 1999. Google Scholar

Prof. Amedeo Capozzoli

Professor Giuseppe D'Elia