volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A low loss propagating electromagnetic wave is shown to exist at a gradual interface between two lossy conductive media. Such a surface wave may be guided by a seafloor-seawater interface and it may be used in radio communication and imaging underwater. It should allow communication distances of the order of 500 m at 10 kHz along a sandy seabed. Similar surface waves may also be guided by various tissue boundaries inside a human body. For example, such surface wave solutions may exist at planar interfaces between skull bones and grey matter inside a human head at 6 GHz.

1. Rayleigh, L., "On waves propagated along the plane surface of an elastic solid," Proceeding of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. s1-17, No. 1, 4-11, 1885.
doi:10.1112/plms/s1-17.1.4 Google Scholar

2. Sommerfeld, A. N., "Propagation of waves in wireless telegraphy," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 28, 665-737, 1909.
doi:10.1002/andp.19093330402 Google Scholar

3. Love, A. E. H., "Some problems of geodynamics," Nature, Vol. 89, 471-472, 1912. Google Scholar

4. Wait, J. R., "Launching a surface wave over the earth," Electronics Letters, Vol. 3, No. 9, 396-397, 1967.
doi:10.1049/el:19670307 Google Scholar

5. Schelkunoff, S. A., Electromagnetic Waves, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, NY, 1943.

6. Collin, R. E., Field Theory of Guided Waves, IEEE Press-Wiley, New York, NY, 1991.

7. Zayats, A. V., I. I. Smolyaninov, and A. Maradudin, "Nano-optics of surface plasmon-polaritons," Physics Reports, Vol. 408, 131-314, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.11.001 Google Scholar

8. Oruganti, S. K., F. Liu, D. Paul, J. Liu, J. Malik, K. Feng, H. Kim, Y. Liang, T. Thundat, and F. Bien, "Experimental realization of Zenneck type wave-based non-radiative, non-coupled wireless power transmission," Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, 925, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57554-1 Google Scholar

9. Alibakhshikenari, M., B. S. Virdee, P. Shukla, C. H. See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, F. Falcone, and E. Limiti, "Improved adaptive impedance matching for RF front-end systems of wireless transceivers," Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, 14065, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71056-0 Google Scholar

10. Limiti, E., F. Falcone, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, B. S. Virdee, M. Alibakhshikenari, and C. H. See, "Impedance matching network based on metasurface (2-D metamaterials) for electrically small antennas," 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting (2020 IEEE AP-S/URSI), 1953-1954, Montreal, Canada. Google Scholar

11. Alibakhshikenari, M., B. S. Virdee, C. H. See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, F. Falcone, and E. Limiti, "Metasurface for controlling polarization of scattered EM waves," 4th Australian Microwave Symposium, Sydney, Australia, 2020. Google Scholar

12. Alibakhshikenari, M., B. S. Virdee, C. H. See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, F. Falcone, and E. Limiti, "Automated reconfigurable antenna impedance for optimum power transfer," 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 1461-1463, Singapore, 2019. Google Scholar

13. Alibakhshikenari, M., B. S. Virdee, C. H. See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, F. Falcone, and E. Limiti, "Energy harvesting circuit with high RF-to-DC conversion efficiency," 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting (2020 IEEE AP-S/URSI), 1299-1300, Montreal, Canada, 2020.
doi:10.1109/IEEECONF35879.2020.9329604 Google Scholar

14. Alibakhshikenari, M., et al. "Impedance bandwidth improvement of a planar antenna based on metamaterial-inspired T-matching network," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 67916-67927, 2021.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076975 Google Scholar

15. Alibakhshikenari, M., et al. "A comprehensive survey of metamaterial transmission-line based antennas: Design, challenges, and applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 144778-144808, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3013698 Google Scholar

16. Alibakhshikenari, M., et al. "A comprehensive survey of various decoupling mechanisms with focus on metamaterial and metasurface principles applicable to SAR and MIMO antenna systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 192965-193004, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3032826 Google Scholar

17. Smolyaninov, I. I., Q. Balzano, C. C. Davis, and D. Young, "Surface wave based underwater radio communication," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 17, 2503-2507, 2018.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2018.2880008 Google Scholar

18. Landau, L. D. and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics: Non-relativistic Theory, Vol. 3, No. 45, Elsevier, 2013.

19. Muller, H., T. von Dobeneck, C. Hilgenfeldt, B. SanFilipo, D. Rey, and B. Rubio, "Mapping the magnetic susceptibility and electric conductivity of marine surficial sediments by benthic EM profiling," Geophysics, Vol. 77, 1JF-Z19, 2012. Google Scholar

20. Numerov, B. V., "A method of extrapolation of perturbations," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 84, 592-601, 1924.
doi:10.1093/mnras/84.8.592 Google Scholar

21., http://www.fcc.gov/general/body-tissue-dielectric-parameters..

22. Richtsmeier, J. T. and K. Flaherty, "Hand in glove: Brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis," Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 125, 469-489, 2013.
doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1104-y Google Scholar

23. Wong, M. W. N., L. Qin, K. M. Lee, and K. S. Leung, "Articular cartilage increases transition zone regeneration in bone-tendon junction healing," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., Vol. 467, 1092-1100, 2009.
doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0606-8 Google Scholar

Dr. Igor I. Smolyaninov