volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

An enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is proposed. To improve convergence accuracy and velocity, we introduce a quadratic interpolation method and perturbation to personal best particles in EPSO. Then, a design procedure based on the EPSO is proposed for the design and optimization of equal split broadband microstrip Wilkinson power dividers (MWPDs). A set of numerical examples and fabricated samples are presented to validate the improvement of the proposed EPSO. Even-odd mode analysis is incorporated in the design procedure to calculate the scattering matrix of the MWPD on the basis of the dispersion and dissipation microstrip line model. A fitness function is then constructed according to the scattering parameters. The optimized widths and lengths of microstrip lines and values of isolation resistors are directly obtained by minimizing the fitness function. EPSO is also compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) and improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO).

1. Wilkinson, E. J. and An N-way hybrid power divider, "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,", Vol. 8, No. 1, 116-118, 1960.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1968.1126617

2. Cohn, S. B. and A class of broadband three-port TEM-mode hybrids, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 19, No. 2, 110-116, 1968.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1965.1125934

3. Parad, L. I. and R. L. Moynihan, "Split-tee power divider," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 13, No. 1, 91-95, 1965.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1971.1127448

4. Ekinge, R. B., "A new method of synthesizing matched broad-band TEM-mode three-ports," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 19, No. 1, 81-88, 1971.
doi:10.2528/PIER09111906

5. Wu, Y., Y. Liu, S. Li, C. Yu, and X. Liu, "Closed-form design method of an N-way dual-band Wilkinson hybrid power divider," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 97-114, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939309787612400

6. Wu, Y., Y. Liu, and S. Li, "A new dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 4, 483-492, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09030501

7. Wu, Y., Y. Liu, and S. Li, "An unequal dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider with optional isolation structure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 393-411, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09072109

8. Wu, Y., Y. Liu, and S. Li, "Dual-band modified Wilkinson power divider without transmission line stubs and reactive components," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 96, 9-20, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309787604346

9. Li, X., S.-X. Gong, L. Yang, and Y.-J. Yang, "A novel Wilkinson power divider for dual-band operation," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, 395-404, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309788355243

10. Hosseini, F., M. Khalaj-Amir Hosseini, and M. Yazdani, "A miniaturized Wilkinson power divider using nonuniform transmission line," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 7, 917-924, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939310791585990

11. Li, X., Y.-J. Yang, L. Yang, S.-X. Gong, T. Hong, X. Chen, Y.-J. Zhang, X. Tao, Y. Gao, K. Ma, and X.-L. Liu, "A novel unequal Wilkinson power divider for dual-band operation," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 8-9, 1015-1022, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310793699163

12. Li, J. C., J. C. Nan, X. Y. Shan, and Q. F. Yan, "A novel modified dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider with open stubs and optional/isolation," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 16, 2223-2235, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10042809

13. Qaroot, A. M., N. I. Dib, and A. A. Gheethan, "Design methodology of multi-frequency unequal split Wilkinson power dividers using transmission line transformers ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 22, 1-21, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1956.1125071

14. Reed, J. and G. J. Wheeler, "A method of analysis of symmetrical four-port networks," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 4, No. 4, 246-252, 1956.
doi:10.1002/mmce.20261

15. Dib, N. and M. Khodier, "Design and optimization of multiband Wilkinson power divider," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-aided Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 14-20, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2006.872786

16. Oraizi, H. and A.-R. Sharifi, "Design and optimization of broadband asymmetrical multisection Wilkinson power divider," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2220-2231, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER08030904

17. Li, W.-T., X.-W. Shi, and Y.-Q. Hei, "An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for pattern synthesis of phased arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, 319-332, 2008.

18. Pozar, D. M., Microwave Engineering, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2005.
doi:10.1109/22.3665

19. Kobayashi, M., "A dispersion formula satisfying recent requirements in microstrip CAD," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1246-1250, 1988.

20. Hammerstad, E. and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., 407-409, 1980.
doi:10.1109/22.536034

21. Rosloniec, S., "Three-port hybrid power dividers terminated in complex frequency-dependent impedances," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 44, No. 8, 1490-1493, 1996.

22. Kennedy, J. and R. Eberhart, Swarm Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, London, 2001.

23. Ludwig, R. and P. Bretchko, "RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications," Prentice Hall, 2000.
doi: --- Either ISSN or Journal title must be supplied.

Dr. Dong Wang

Dr. Hong Zhang

Dr. Tanghong Xu

Dr. Hao Wang

Dr. Guoguang Zhang