volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper introduces photonic band gap (PBG) materials that are periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric materials conceived to control the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Firstly, the principle of these materials is explained. Doped PBG materials are then presented with their main properties and applications. New phenomena like super-prism or super-lens are also introduced. A review of different numerical methods used to study photonic band gap materials and to analyze their properties is given next. Manufacturing processes are then briefly described and foreseen applications are presented. Finally, the new field of the controllable photonic band gap materials is introduced.

1. Yablonovitch, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 58, 2059, 1987.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2059

2. John, S., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 58, No. 23, 2486-2489, 1987.

3. Joannopoulos, J. D., R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals Molding the Flow of Light, Princeton University Press, 1995.

4. Yablonovitch, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 67, No. 17, 2295-2300, 1991.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.2295

5. de Lustrac, A., F. Gadot, S. Cabaret, J. M. Lourtioz, T. Brillat, A. Priou, and E. Akmansoy, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 75, No. 11, 1625-1627, 1999.
doi:10.1063/1.124775

6. Leonard, S. W., J. P. Mondia, H. M. van Driel, O. Toader, S. John, K. Busch, A. Birner, U. GÃ¶sele, and V. Lehmann, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 61, R2389, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.R2389

7. Painter, O., et al. Science, Vol. 284, 1819-1821, 1999.
doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1819

8. Villeneuve, P. R., et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 67, No. 2, 167-170, 1995.
doi:10.1063/1.114655

9. Labilloy, D., et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 79, No. 21, 4147-4151, 1997.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4147

10. Meade, R. D., et al. J. of Appl. Phys., Vol. 75, No. 9, 4753-4755, 1994.
doi:10.1063/1.355934

11. Mekis, A., S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, "4809-4817," Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 58, No. 8, 4809-4817, 1998.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.4809

12. Boroditsky, M., et al. "1999 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceeding," LEOS'99, 238-239, 1999.
doi:10.1109/LEOS.1999.813567

13. Knight, J. C., T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, Optics Letters, Vol. 21, No. 19, 1547-1549, 1996.

14. Bjarklev, A., et al. J. of Optics A, Vol. 2, No. 6, 584-588, 2000.

15. "Photonic Crystals," Journal of Optical Society of America B, Vol. 10, 1993.

16. Temelkuran, B. and E. Ozbay, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 74, 486, 1999.
doi:10.1063/1.123163

17. Brown, E. R., C. D. Parker, and E. Yablonovitch, J. opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 10, 404, 1993.

18. Brown, E. R. and O. B. McMahon, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 68, 1300, 1996.
doi:10.1063/1.115959

19. Sigalas, M. M., et al. Micro. Opt. Tech. Lett., Vol. 15, 153, 1997.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19970620)15:3<153::AID-MOP10>3.0.CO;2-8

20. Temelkuran, B., et al. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 87, 603, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.371905

21. Thevenot, M., C. Cheype, A. Reineix, and B. Jecko, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 47, 2115, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798007

22. Sievenpiper, D., L. Zhang, R. Broas, N. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, 2059-2074, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798001

23. Yang, F. R., Y. Qian, R. Coccioli, and T. Itoh, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Lett., Vol. 8, 372-374, 1998.
doi:10.1109/75.736247

24. Yang, F. R., K. P. Ma, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 47, No. 8, 1509-1514, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.780402

25. Ma, K. P., K. Hirose, F. R. Yang, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, Electronic Lett., Vol. 34, No. 21, 2041-2042, 1998.
doi:10.1049/el:19981391

26. Yang, F. R., Microwave Theory and tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2092-2098, 2092.
doi:10.1109/22.798004

27. Kittel, C., Solid State Physics, Dunod, 1958.

28. Pendry, J. B., Journal of Phys. Cond. Matter, Vol. 8, 1085-1108, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0953-8984/8/9/003

29. Gadot, F., T. Brillat, E. Akmansoy, and A. de Lustrac, Electronic Letters, Vol. 36, No. 7, 640-641, 2000.
doi:10.1049/el:20000406

30. Vukusic, P.J.-R. Sambles, C.-R. Lawrence, and R. J. Wootton, "1403-1411," Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, Vol. 266, 1403-1411, 1999.

31. Lourtioz, J. M. and D. Maystre, Pour la Science, No. 9, 66-73, September 2000.

32. Gupta, S., G. Tuttle, M. Sigalas, and K.-M. Ho, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 71, No. 17, 2412, 1997.
doi:10.1063/1.120077

33. Cuisin, C., A. Chelnokov, J.-M. Lourtioz, D. Decanini, and Y. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 77, No. 6, 770-772, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.1306646

34. Langley, T. KR. J. Langley, and E. A. Parker, IEE Proc.-Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 143, No. 1, 62-66, 1996.

35. Tayeb, G. and D. Maystre, Journal of Optical Society of America A, Vol. 14, No. 12, 3323-3332, 1997.

36. Villeneuve, P. R., S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 54, 7837-7842, 1996.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.54.7837

37. Gadot, F., E. Akmansoy, A. de Lustrac, T. Brillat, A. Ammouche, and J. M. Lourtioz, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 12, 8499-8501, 1999.
doi:10.1063/1.370634

38. Kosaka, H., T. Kwashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, Physical Review B, Vol. 58, No. 16, 10096-10099, 1998.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.R10096

39. Kosaka, H., T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 74, No. 10, 1370-1372, 1999.
doi:10.1063/1.123553

40. Enoch, S., G. Tayeb, and D. Maystre, Optics Communications, Vol. 161, 171-176, 1999.
doi:10.1016/S0030-4018(99)00035-8

41. Gralak, B., S. Enoch, and G. Tayeb, Journal of Optical Society of America A, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1012-1020, 2000.

42. Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2075, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798002

43. Smith, D. R., W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schulz, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 18, 4184-4187, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184

44. Varadan, V. K., Y. Ma, and V. V. Varadam, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. PIER 6, 327, 1994.

45. Pendry, J. B., J. Phys. Cond. Mat., Vol. 8, 1085-1108, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0953-8984/8/9/003

46. Taflove, A., Computational electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech House, 1995.

47. Pelosi, G., R. Coccioli, and S. Selleri (Eds.), Quick Finite Elements for Electromagnetic Waves, Artech House.

48. Pendry, J. B. and A. MacKinnon, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 69, 2772, 1992.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2772

49. Felbacq, D., G. Tayeb, and D. Maystre, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2526-2538, 1994.

50. de Daran, F., V. Vigneras-Lefebvre, and J. P. Parneix, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1598-1601, 1995.
doi:10.1109/20.376338

51. Maystre, D., Pure Appl. Opt., Vol. 3, 975-993, 1994.
doi:10.1088/0963-9659/3/6/005

52. J. Mod. Opt., Vol. 41, 1994.

53. Meade, R. D., K. D. Brommer, A. M. Rappe, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 44, 13772-13774, 1991.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.13772

54. Smith, D. R., R. Dalichaouch, N. Kroll, S. Schultz, S. L. MacCall, and P. M. Platzman, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 10, 314-321, 1993.

55. Sakoda, K., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 52, 8992-9002, 1995.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.52.8992

56. Li, Z.-Y., L.-L. Lin, and Z.-Q. Zhang, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, No. 19, 4341-4344, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4341

57. Fan, S., P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and E. F. Schubert, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 78, 3294-3297, 1997.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3294

58. Seo, Y.-S., K.-B. Chung, and H.-K. Hoeji, South Korea, Vol. 11, No. 3, 198-201, 2000.

59. Qiu, M. and S. He, J. of Appl. Phys., Vol. 87, No. 12, 8268-8272, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.373537

60. Chan, C. T., Q. L. Yu, and K. M. Ho, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 51, 1995.

61. Ziolkowski, R. W. and M. Tanaka, J. Opt. Soc. Am, Vol. 16, No. 4, 930-940, 1999.

62. Taflove Advances in Computational Electrodynamics, Artech House..

63. Gadot, F., IEEE Trans. on Magn., Vol. 34, No. 5, 1998.
doi:10.1109/20.717708

64., http://www.elec.gla.ac.uk/ areynolds/software.html.

65. Sigalas, M. M., C. M. Soukoulis, C. T. Chan, and K. M. Ho, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 49, 11080-11087, 1994.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.11080

66. Pendry, J. B. and L. Martin-Moreno, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 50, 5062, 1994.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.5062

67. Smith, D. R., S. Schultz, N. Kroll, M. Sigalas, K. M. Ho, and C. M. Soukoulis, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 65, 645-647, 1994.
doi:10.1063/1.112258

68. Ozbay, E., E. Michel, G. Tuttle, M. Sigalas, and K. M. Ho, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 65, 2059-2061, 1994.
doi:10.1063/1.111736

69. Gadot, F., A. Chelnokov, A. De Lustrac, P. Crozat, J. M. Lourtioz, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 71, 1780-1782, 1997.
doi:10.1063/1.119396

70. Guida, G., P. N. Stavrinou, G. Parry, and J. B. Pendry, Journal of Modern Optics, 2000.

71. Sakoda, K. and H. Shiroma, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 56, No. 8, 4830, 1997.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.4830

72. Kuzmiak, W. and A. Maradudin, Phys. Rev. B., Vol. 61, No. 16, 10750-10762, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10750

73. Maradudin, A. A. and A. R. McGurn, Photonic Band Gaps and Localization, 247, Plenum Press, , 1993.

74. McGurn, A. R., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 53, No. 11, 7059-7065, 1996.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.53.7059

75. Caloz, C.D. Curcio, A. Alvarez-Melcon, A. K. Skrivervik, and F. E. Gardiol, "Proceedings of the SPIE," The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 3795, 176-187, 1999.
doi:10.1117/12.370161

76. Caloz, C., A. K. Skrivervik, and F. E. Gardiol, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 24, No. 5, 316-322, 2000.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(20000305)24:5<316::AID-MOP10>3.0.CO;2-R

77. Lidorikis, E., M. M. Sigalas, E. N. Economou, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 61, No. 20, 13458-13464, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.13458

78. Li, Z.-Y., X. Zhang, and Z.-Q. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 63, No. 23, 15738-15747, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.15738

79. Guida, G., T. Brillat, A. Ammouche, F. Gadot, A. de Lustrac, and A. Priou, Jouranl of Applied Physics, Vol. 88, No. 8, 4491-4497, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.1290451

80. Forchel, A., M. Kamp, T. Happ, J. P. Reithmaier, M. Bayer, J. Koeth, and R. Dietrich, Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 1-4, 21-28, 2000.
doi:10.1016/S0167-9317(00)00261-6

81. Fleming, J. G., Opt. Lett., Vol. 24, No. 49, 1999.

82. Kawakami, S., Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 14, 1260-1261.
doi:10.1049/el:19970844

83. Amos, R. M., T. J. Shepherd, J. G. Rarity, and P. Tapster, Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 16, 1411-1412, 2000.
doi:10.1049/el:20000938

84. Campbell, M., D. N. Sharp, M. T. Harrison, R. G. Denning, and A. J. Tuberfield, Nature, Vol. 404, No. 53, 2000.

85. Chelnokov, A., S. Rowson, J.-M. Lourtioz, V. Berger, and J. Y. Courtois, J. Opt. A: Pure and Appl. Opt.,, Vol. 1, 1999.

86. Deppe, D. G., C. Lei, C. C. Lin, and D. L. Huffaker, Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 41, 325, 1994.

87. Zhu, S.-Y., Y. Yang, H. Chen, H. Zheng, and M. S. Zubairy, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, No. 10, 2136-2139, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2136

88. Thevenot, M., A. Reineix, and B. Jecko, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 21, 411-414, 1999.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19990620)21:6<411::AID-MOP5>3.0.CO;2-L

89. de Lustrac, A., T. Brillat, F. Gadot, and E. Akmansoy, Applied Physics Letters.

90. Temelkuran, B., M. Bayindir, E. Ozbay, R. Biswas, M. M. Sigalas, G. Tuttle, and K. M. Ho, J. of Appl. Phys, Vol. 87, No. 1, 603-605, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.371905

91. Ho, S. S., et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 76, No. 16, 2301-2304, 2000.
doi:10.1063/1.126326

Prof. Geraldine Guida

Prof. Andre De Lustrac

Prof. Alain C. Priou