Vol. 74
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2007-06-06
Nonlinear Scattering Effects in Optical Fibers
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 74, 379-405, 2007
Abstract
The nonlinear scattering effects in optical fiber occur due to inelastic-scattering of a photon to a lower energy photon. This paper describes stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering processes. Their thresholds, reduction in power penalty and applications along with comparative study of these effects are also presented.
Citation
Sunil Singh, Ramgopal Gangwar, and Nar Singh, "Nonlinear Scattering Effects in Optical Fibers," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 74, 379-405, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07051102
References

1. Boyd, R. W., Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press, 1992.

2. Shen, Y. R. and N. Bloembergen, "Theory of stimulated brillouin and raman scattering," Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 137, 1787-1805, 1965.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.137.A1787

3. Singh, S. P. and N. Singh, "Nonlinear effects in optical fibers: origin, management and applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 73, 249-275, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07040201

4. Buckland, E. L. and R. W. Boyd, "Electrostrictive contribution to the intensity-dependent refractive index of optical fiber," Opt. Lett., Vol. 21, 1117-1119, 1996.

5. Buckland, E. L. and R. W. Boyd, "Measurement of the frequency response of the electrostrictive nonlinearity in optical fiber," Opt. Lett., Vol. 22, 676-678, 1997.

6. Agrawal, G. P., Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd edition, 2001.

7. Nikles, M., L. Thevenaz, and P. A. Robert, "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fiber," J. Lightwave. Tech., Vol. 15, 1842-1851, 1997.
doi:10.1109/50.633570

8. Sternklar, S. and E. Granot, "Narrow spectral response of a Brillouin amplifier," Opt. Lett., Vol. 28, 977-979, 2003.
doi:10.1364/OL.28.000977

9. Cotter, D., "Observation of stimulated Brillouin scattering in lowloss silica fiber at 1.3 μm," Electron. Lett., Vol. 18, 495-496, 1982.
doi:10.1049/el:19820336

10. Tkach, R. W., A. R. Chraplyvy, and R. M. Derosier, "Spontaneous Brillouin scattering for single-mode optical fiber characterization," Electron. Lett., Vol. 22, 1011-1013, 1986.
doi:10.1049/el:19860691

11. Smith, R. G., "Optical power handling capacity of low optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering," Appl. Opt., Vol. 11, 2489-2494, 1972.

12. Stolen, R. J., "Polarization effects in Raman and Brillouin lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., Vol. QE-15, 1157-1160, 1979.
doi:10.1109/JQE.1979.1069913

13. Mao, X. P., R. W. Tkach, A. R. Chraplyvy, R. M. Jopson, and R. M. Dorosier, "Stimulated Brillouin threshold dependence on fiber type and uniformity," IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett., Vol. 4, 66-69, 1992.
doi:10.1109/68.124879

14. Ramaswami, R. and K. Sivarajan, Optical Networks—A Practical Perspective, Morgan Kaufmann Pub. Inc., 1998.

15. Forghieri, F., R. W. Tkach, and A. R. Chraplyvy, "Fiber nonlinerities and their impact on transmission systems," Optical Fiber Telecommunications-III, Vol. A, 1997.

16. Fishman, D. A. and J. A. Nagel, "Degradation due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in multigigabit intensity-modulated fiberoptic systems," J. Lightwave Tech., Vol. 11, 1721-1728, 1993.
doi:10.1109/50.251167

17. Kee, H. H., G. P. Lees, and T. P. Newson, "All-fiber system for simultaneous interrogation of distributed strain and temperature sensing by spontaneous Brillouin scattering," Opt. Lett., Vol. 25, 1-3, 2000.
doi:10.1364/OL.25.000695

18. Kotate, K. and M. Tanaka, "Distributed fiber Brillouin strain sensing with 1-cm spatial resolution by correlation-based continuous-wave technique," IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., Vol. 14, 179-181, 2002.
doi:10.1109/68.980502

19. Pannell, C. N., P. St. J. Russell, and T. P. Newson, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers: the effect of optical amplification," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, Vol. 10, 684-690, 1993.

20. Lan, G.-L., P. K. Banerjee, and S. S. Mitra, "Raman scattering in optical fibers," J. of Raman Spectrosc., Vol. 11, 416-423, 1981.
doi:10.1002/jrs.1250110521

21. Shibate, N., M. Horigudhi, and T. Edahiro, "Raman spectra of binary high-silica glasses and fibers containing GeO2, P2O5 and B2O3," J. of Non-crystalline Solids, Vol. 45, 115-126, 1981.
doi:10.1016/0022-3093(81)90096-X

22. Bromage, J., "Raman amplification for fiber communication systems," J. Lightwave. Tech., Vol. 22, 79-93, 2004.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2003.822828

23. Lewis, S. A. E., S. V. Chernikov, and J. R. Taylor, "Temperature dependent gain and noise in fiber Raman amplifier," Opt. Lett., Vol. 24, 1823-1825, 1999.

24. Stolen, R. H., E. P. Ippen, and A. R. Tynes, "Raman oscillation in glass optical waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 20, 62-64, 1972.
doi:10.1063/1.1654046

25. Stolen, R. H. and E. P. Ippen, "Raman gain in glass optical waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 22, 276-278, 1973.
doi:10.1063/1.1654637

26. Tomlinson, W. J. and R. H. Stolen, "Nonlinear phenomenon in optical fibers," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 26, No. 4, 36-44, 1988.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.1988.982296

27. Ohmori, Y., Y. Sasaki, and T. Edahiro, "Fiber-length dependence of critical power for stimulated Raman scattering," Electron. Lett., Vol. 17, No. 17, 593-594, 1981.
doi:10.1049/el:19810417

28. Back, S. H. and W. B. Roh, "Single-mode Raman fiber laser based on a multimode fiber," Opt. Lett., Vol. 29, 153-155, 2004.
doi:10.1364/OL.29.000153

29. Karpov, V. I., E. M. Dianov, V. M. Paramonoc, O. I. Medvedkov, M. M. Bubnov, S. L. Semyonov, S. A. Vasiliev, V. N. Protopopov, D. N. Egorova, V. F. Hopkin, A. N. Guryanov, M. P. Bachymki, and W. Clements, "Laser-diode pumped phosphosilicate-fiber Raman laser with an output power of 1W at 1.48 nm," Opt. Lett., Vol. 24, 887-889, 1999.

30. Aoki, Y., "Properties of Raman amplifier and their applicability to digital optical communication systems," J. Lightwave. Tech., Vol. LT-6, 1225-1239, 1988.
doi:10.1109/50.4120

31. Bars, F. and L. Resnic, "On the theory of the electromagnetic wave-propagation through inhomogeneous dispersive media," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 19, No. 7, 925-931, 2005.
doi:10.1163/156939305775468714

32. Wang, S., X. Guan, D.Wang, X. Ma, and Y. Su, "Electromagnetic scattering by mixed conducting/dielectric objects using high-order MOM," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 66, 51-63, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06092101

33. Anupam, R., M. Chandran, C. K. Anandan, P. Mohanan, and K. Vasudevan, "Scattering behavior of fractal based metallodielectric structures," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 69, 323-339, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER06122001

34. Brown, A. W., B. G. Colpitts, and K. Brown, "Darkpulse Brillouin optical time-domain sensor with 20-mm spatial resolution," J. of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 25, No. 1, 381-386, 2007.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2006.886672

35. Misas, C. J., P. Petropoulos, and D. J. Richardson, "Slowing of pulses to c/10 with subwatt power levels and low latency using Brillouin amplification in a bismuth-oxide optical fiber," J. of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 25, No. 1, 216-221, 2007.
doi:10.1109/JLT.2006.887185

36. Brown, K. C., T. H. Russell, T. G. Alley, and W. B. Roh, "Passive combination of multiple beams in an optical fiber via stimulated Brillouin scattering," Optics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 9, 1047-1049, 2007.
doi:10.1364/OL.32.001047

37. Song, K. Y., M. Herraez, and L. Thevenaz, "Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering," Optics Express, Vol. 13, No. 1, 82-88, 2005.
doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.000082

38. Kalosha, V. P., L. Chen, and X. Bao, "Slow and fast light via SBS in optical fibers for short pulses and broadband pump," Optics Express, Vol. 14, No. 26, 12693-12703, 2006.
doi:10.1364/OE.14.012693

39. Zou, L., X. Bao, F. Ravet, and L. Chen, "Distributed Brillouin fiber sensor for detecting pipeline buckling in an energy pipe under internal pressure," Applied Optics, Vol. 45, No. 14, 3372-3377, 2006.
doi:10.1364/AO.45.003372

40. Huang, J., J. Lin, R. Su, J. Li, H. Zheng, C. Xu, F. Shi, Z. Lin, J. Zhuang, W. Zeng, and W. Lin, "Short pulse eye-safe laser with a stimulated Raman scattering self-conversion based on a Nd:KGW crystal," Optics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 9, 1096-1098, 2007.
doi:10.1364/OL.32.001096