volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The size of an antenna should be relatively large in order to get high radiation directivity. However, in some applications, the antenna is restricted in small region, while high directivity is still required. In this paper, we propose the method of realizing antennae with large effective apertures using arbitrary shaped small PEC reflectors and small volumes of left-handed materials based on coordinate transformation. Using this method, antennae with effective large parabolic apertures are designed using both a small parabolic reflector and a planar reflector. This design method is validated by the numerical simulations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM).

1. Pendry, J. B., D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, "Controlling electromagnetic fields," Science, Vol. 312, 1780-1782, 2006.
doi:10.1126/science.1125907 Google Scholar

2. Leonhardt, U. and T. G. Philbin, "General relativity in electrical engineering," New J. Phys., Vol. 8, 247, 2006.
doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/10/247 Google Scholar

3. Schurig, D., J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, "Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies," Science, Vol. 314, 977-980, 2006.
doi:10.1126/science.1133628 Google Scholar

4. Cummer, S. A., B.-I. Popa, D. Schurig, D. R. Smith, and J. Pendry, "Full-wave simulations of electromagnetic cloaking structures," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 74, 036621-036625, 2006.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.74.036621 Google Scholar

5. Chen, H. S., B. I.Wu, B. Zhang, and J. A. Kong, "Electromagnetic wave interactions with a metamaterial cloak," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 99, 063903-063906, 2007.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.063903 Google Scholar

6. Zhang, B., H. S. Chen, B. I. Wu, Y. Luo, L. X. Ran, and J. A. Kong, "Response of a cylindrical invisibility cloak to electromagnetic waves," Physical Review B, Vol. 76, 121101-121105, 2007.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.121101 Google Scholar

7. Zhang, J. J., J. T. Huangfu, Y. Luo, H. S. Chen, J. A. Kong, and B. I. Wu, "Cloak for multilayered and gradually changing media," Physical Review B, Vol. 77, 035116-035120, 2008.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035116 Google Scholar

8. Han, T. C., X. H. Tang, and F. Xiao, "The petal-shaped cloak," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 14-15, 2055-2062, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309789932511 Google Scholar

9. Zhang, B., H. Chen, and B.-I. Wu, "Practical limitations of an invisibility cloak," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 97, 407-416, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09100704 Google Scholar

10. Cheng, Q., W. X. Jiang, and T.-J. Cui, "Investigations of the electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional arbitrarily-shaped cloaks," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 105-117, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09060705 Google Scholar

11. Cheng, X., H. Chen, B.-I. Wu, and J. A. Kong, "Cloak for bianisotropic and moving media," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 89, 199-212, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER08120803 Google Scholar

12. Cheng, X., H. Chen, X.-M. Zhang, B. Zhang, and B.-I. Wu, "Cloaking a perfectly conducting sphere with rotationally uniaxial nihility media in monostatic radar system," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 100, 285-298, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER09112002 Google Scholar

13. Xi, S., H. S. Chen, B. I. Wu, and J. A. Kong, "One-directional perfect cloak created with homogeneous material," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 19, 131-133, 2009. Google Scholar

14. Greenleaf, A., M. Lassas, and G. Uhlmann, "Anisotropic conductivities that cannot be detected by EIT," Physiol. Meas., Vol. 24, 413-416, 2003.
doi:10.1088/0967-3334/24/2/353 Google Scholar

15. Zhang, J. J., Y. Luo, S. Xi, H. S. Chen, L. X. Ran, B. I. Wu, and J. A. Kong, "Directive emission obtained by coordinate transformation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 81, 437-446, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08011002 Google Scholar

16. Pu, T. L., K. M. Huang, B. Wang, and Y. Yang, "Application of micro-genetic algorithm to the design of matched high gain patch antenna with zero-refractive-index metamaterial lens," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 8-9, 1207-1217, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791586025 Google Scholar

17. Zhang, J. J., Y. Luo, H. Chen, and B.-I. Wu, "Sensitivity of transformation cloak in engineering," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 93-104, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08071301 Google Scholar

18. Yu, G. X., T. J. Cui, W. X. Jiang, X. M. Yang, Q. Cheng, and Y. Hao, "Transformation of different kinds of electromagnetic waves using metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 5-6, 583-592, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309788019723 Google Scholar

19. Donderici, B. and F. L. Teixeira, "Metamaterial blueprints for reflectionless waveguide bends," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 18, 233-235, 2008.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2008.918869 Google Scholar

20. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Achieving transparency with plasmonic and metamaterial coatings," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 72, 016623-016631, 2005.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.016623 Google Scholar

21. Leonhardt, U., "Optical conformal mapping," Science, Vol. 312, 1777-1780, 2006.
doi:10.1126/science.1126493 Google Scholar

22. Popa, B.-I. and S. A. Cummer, "Cloaking with optimized homogeneous anisotropic layers," Physical Review A, Vol. 79, 023806-023804, 2009.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.023806 Google Scholar

23. Pendry, J. B., "Perfect cylindrical lenses," Opt. Express, Vol. 11, 755-760, 2003.
doi:10.1364/OE.11.000755 Google Scholar

24. Luo, Y., H. Chen, J. Zhang, L. Ran, and J. A. Kong, "Design and analytical full-wave validation of the invisibility cloaks, concentrators, and field rotators created with a general class of transformations," Physical Review B, Vol. 77, 125127-125128, 2008.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.125127 Google Scholar

25. Yan, M., W. Yan, and M. Qiu, "Cylindrical superlens by a coordinate transformation," Physical Review B, Vol. 78, 125113-125117, 2008.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.125113 Google Scholar

26. Yang, T., H. Chen, X. Luo, and H. Ma, "Superscatterer: Enhancement of scattering with complementary media," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, 18545-18550, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.018545 Google Scholar

27. Yu, G. X., T. J. Cui, W. X. Jiang, X. M. Yang, Q. Cheng, and Y. Hao, "Transformation of different kinds of electromagnetic waves using metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 5-6, 583-592, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309788019723 Google Scholar

28. Ferrara, F., C. Gennarelli, R. Guerriero, G. Riccio, and C. Savarese, "An efficient near-field to far-field transformation using the planar wide-mesh scanning," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 3, 341-357, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307779367404 Google Scholar

29. Erentok, A. and R. W. Ziolkowski, "Metamaterial-inspired efficient electrically small antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, 691-707, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.916949 Google Scholar

30. Hwang, R.-B., H.-W. Liu, and C.-Y. Chin, "A metamaterial-based E-plane horn antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 275-289, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09050606 Google Scholar

31. Jarchi, S., J. Rashed-Mohassel, and R. Faraji-Dana, "Analysis of microstrip dipole antennas on a layered metamaterial substrate," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5-6, 755-764, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791036278 Google Scholar

32. Zhou, H., S. Qu, Z. Pei, Y. Yang, J. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Ma, C. Gu, X. Wang, Z. Xu, W. Peng, and P. Bai, "A High-directive patch antenna based on all-dielectric near-zero-index metamaterial superstrates," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 10, 1387-1396, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791958680 Google Scholar

33. Hong, T., S.-X. Gong, W. Jiang, Y.-X. Xu, and X. Wang, "A novel ultra-wide band antenna with reduced radar cross section," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 96, 299-308, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09082702 Google Scholar

34. Behera, S. and K. J. Vinoy, "Microstrip square ring antenna for dual-band operation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 41-56, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09021909 Google Scholar

35. Najjar-Khatirkolaei, B. N. and A. R. Sebak, "Slot antenna on a conducting elliptic cylinder coated by nonconfocal chiral media," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 125-143, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09033003 Google Scholar

Dr. Dexin Ye

Dr. Sheng Xi

Professor Hongsheng Chen

Dr. Jiangtao Huangfu

Professor Li-Xin Ran