volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, tunable single-negative (TSNG) metamaterials based on microstrip with varactor diodes loading are investigated. By tuning the external voltage, our structure can provide either an epsilon-negative or a mu-negative band gap, with varying gap width (the ratio of bandwidth to center frequency can be from 0 to over 100%) and depth (from 0 dB to about -30 dB). Moreover, the tunneling mode in a heterostructure constructed by epsilon-negative and TSNG metamaterials is also studied. The results show that its transmission, Q-factor, and electromagnetic localization can also be controlled conveniently. All these properties make our structure promising to be utilized as a practical switching device, or a suitable platform for the study of nonlinear effect in metamaterials.

1. Pendry, J. B., "Negative refraction makes a perfect lens," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 85, 3966, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966 Google Scholar

2. Shelby, R. A., D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction," Science, Vol. 292, 77-79, 2001.
doi:10.1126/science.1058847 Google Scholar

3. Grbic, A. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Experimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterial," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 92, 5930, 2002.
doi:10.1063/1.1513194 Google Scholar

4. Caloz, C., A. Sanada, and T. Itoh, "A novel composite right-/left-handed coupled-line directional coupler with arbitrary coupling level and broad bandwidth," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 52, No. 3, 980-992, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2004.823579 Google Scholar

5. Li, H. Q., J. M. Hao, L. Zhou, Z. Y. Wei, L. K. Gong, H. Chen, and C. T. Chan, "All-dimensional subwavelength cavities made with metamaterials," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 89, 104101, 2006.
doi:10.1063/1.2338795 Google Scholar

6. Sabah, C. and S. Uckun, "Multilayer system of Lorentz/Drude type metamaterials with dielectric slabs and ITS application to electromagnetic filters," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 349-364, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09031306 Google Scholar

7. Mirza, I. O., J. N. Sabas, S. Shi, and D. W. Prather, "Experimental demonstration of metamaterial-based phase modulation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 1-12, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09050412 Google Scholar

8. Hwang, R.-B., H.-W. Liu, and C.-Y. Chin, "A metamaterial-based E-plane horn antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 275-289, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09050606 Google Scholar

9. Gurel, L., O. Ergul, A. Unal, and T. Malas, "Fast and accurate analysis of large metamaterial structures using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 95, 179-198, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09060106 Google Scholar

10. Gong, Y. and G. Wang, "Superficial tumor hyperthermia with flat left-handed metamaterial lens," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 389-405, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09091401 Google Scholar

11. Yu, G.-X., T.-J. Cui, W. X. Jiang, X. M. Yang, Q. Cheng, and Y. Hao, "Transformation of different kinds of electromagnetic waves using metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 5--6, 583-592, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309788019723 Google Scholar

12. Zhu, B., Z. Wang, C. Huang, Y. Feng, J. Zhao, and T. Jiang, "Polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber with wide incident angle," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 231-239, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10011110 Google Scholar

13. Oraizi, H., A. Abdolali, and N. Vaseghi, "Application of double zero metamaterials as radar absorbing materials for the reduction of radar cross section," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 323-337, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10010603 Google Scholar

14. Bucinskas, J., L. Nickelson, and V. Sugurovas, "Microwave scattering and absorption by a multilayered lossy metamaterial --- Glass cylinder," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 105, 103-118, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10041711 Google Scholar

15. Choi, J. and C. Seo, "High-efficiency wireless energy transmission using magnetic resonance based on negative refractive index metamaterial," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 106, 33-47, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10050609 Google Scholar

16. Wang, B. and K. Huang, "Shaping the radiation pattern with mu and epsilon-near-zero metamaterials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 106, 107-119, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10060103 Google Scholar

17. Li, M., H.-L. Yang, X.-W. Hou, Y. Tian, and D.-Y. Hou, "Perfect metamaterial absorber with dual bands," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 108, 37-49, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10071409 Google Scholar

18. Gric, T., L. Nickelson, and S. Asmontas, "Electrodynamical characteristic particularity of open metamaterial square and circular waveguides," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 109, 361-379, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10082505 Google Scholar

19. Kuo, C.-W., S.-Y. Chen, Y.-D. Wu, and M.-H. Chen, "Analyzing the multilayer optical planar waveguides with double-negative metamaterial," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 110, 163-178, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10101405 Google Scholar

20. Cheng, Q., H.-F. Ma, and T.-J. Cui, "A complementary lens based on broadband metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 1, 93-101, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310790322172 Google Scholar

21. Wu, Z., B.-Q. Zeng, and S. Zhong, "A double-layer chiral metamaterial with negative index," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, 983-992, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791285173 Google Scholar

22. Pu, T. L., K. M. Huang, B. Wang, and Y. Yang, "Application of micro-genetic algorithm to the design of matched high gain patch antenna with zero-refractive-index metamaterial lens," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 7, 1207-1217, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791586025 Google Scholar

23. Liu, Y., X. Chen, and K. Huang, "A novel planar printed array antenna with SRR slots," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 16, 2155-2164, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310793699127 Google Scholar

24. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Pairing an epsilon-negative slab with a mu-negative slab: Resonance, tunneling and transparency," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 51, No. 10, 2558-2571, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.817553 Google Scholar

25. Jiang, H. T., H. Chen, H. Q. Li, Y. W. Zhang, and S. Y. Zhu, "Compact high-Q filters based on one-dimensional photonic crystals containing single-negative materials," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 98, 013101, 2005.
doi:10.1063/1.1949273 Google Scholar

26. Feng, T. H., Y. H. Li, H. Chen, and Y. L. Shi, "Light tunneling in a pair structure consisting of epsilon-negative and mu-negative media," Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6827, 68270G1-9, 2007. Google Scholar

27. Feng, T. H., Y. H. Li, J. Y. Guo, L. He, H. Q. Li, Y. W. Zhang, Y. L. Shi, and H. Chen, "Highly localized mode in a pair structure made of epsilon-negative and mu-negative metamaterials," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 104, 013107, 2008.
doi:10.1063/1.2949264 Google Scholar

28. Siakavara, K. and C. Damianidis, "Microwave filtering in waveguides loaded with artificial single or double negative materials realized with dielectric spherical particles in resonance," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 95, 103-120, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09061506 Google Scholar

29. Entezar, S. R., A. Namdar, H. Rahimi, and H. Tajalli, "Localized waves at the surface of a single-negative periodic multilayer structure," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 2--3, 171-182, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309787604427 Google Scholar

30. Manapati, M. B. and R. S. Kshetrimayum, "SAR reduction in human head from mobile phone radiation using single negative metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 10, 1385-1395, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309789108606 Google Scholar

31. Rahimi, H., A. Namdar, S. Roshan Entezar, and H. Tajalli, "Photonic transmission spectra in one-dimensional fibonacci multilayer structures containing single-negative metamaterials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 15-30, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER09122303 Google Scholar

32. Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, "Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 76, 4773-4776, 1996.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773 Google Scholar

33. Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2075-2084, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798002 Google Scholar

34. Smith, D. R., W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, 4184-4187, 2000.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184 Google Scholar

35. Huangfu, J. T., L. X. Ran, H. S. Chen, X. M. Zhang, K. S. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, and J. A. Kong, "Experimental confirmation of negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of V-like metallic patterns," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 84, 1537-1539, 2004.
doi:10.1063/1.1655673 Google Scholar

36. Chen, H. S., L. X. Ran, J. T. Huangfu, X. M. Zhang, K. S. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, and J. A. Kong, "Left-handed materials composed of only S-shaped resonators," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 70, No. 5, 057605, 2004.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.057605 Google Scholar

37. Eleftheriades, G. V., A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, "Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 50, No. 12, 2702-2712, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2002.805197 Google Scholar

38. Sanada, A., C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Characteristics of the composite right/left-handed transmission lines," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 14, No. 2, 68-70, 2004.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2003.822563 Google Scholar

39. Martin, F., J. Bonache, F. Falcone, M. Sorolla, and R. Marqués, "Split ring resonator-based left-handed coplanar waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 83, 4652-4654, 2003.
doi:10.1063/1.1631392 Google Scholar

40. Falcone, F., T. Lopetegi, M. A. G. Laso, J. D. Baena, J. Bonache, M. Beruete, R. Marqués, F. Martin, and M. Sorolla, "Babinet principle applied to the design of metasurfaces and metamaterials," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 93, 197401, 2004.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.197401 Google Scholar

41. Mao, S. G., S. L. Chen, and C. W. Huang, "Effective electromagnetic parameters of novel distributed left-handed microstrip lines," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 53, No. 4, 1515-1521, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845192 Google Scholar

42. He, Y. X., P. He, S. D. Yoona, P. V. Parimi, F. J. Rachford, V. G. Harris, and C. Vittoria, "Tunable negative index metamaterial using yttrium iron garnet," J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Vol. 313, 187-191, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.12.031 Google Scholar

43. Kang, L., Q. Zhao, H. J. Zhao, and J. Zhou, "Magnetically tunable negative permeability metamaterial composed by split ring resonators and ferrite rods," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, No. 12, 8825-8834, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.008825 Google Scholar

44. Kang, L., Q. Zhao, H. J. Zhao, and J. Zhou, "Ferrite-based magnetically tunable left-handed metamaterial composed of SRRs and wires," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, No. 22, 17269, 2008.
doi:10.1364/OE.16.017269 Google Scholar

45. Zhao, H. J., L. Kang, J. Zhou, Q. Zhao, L. T. Li, L. Peng, and Y. Bai, "Experimental demonstration of tunable negative phase velocity and negative refraction in a ferromagnetic/ferroelectric composite metamaterial," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 93, 201106, 2008.
doi:10.1063/1.3033397 Google Scholar

46. Zhao, Q., B. Du, L. Kang, H. J. Zhao, Q. Xie, B. Li, X. Zhang, J. Zhou, L. T. Li, and Y. G. Meng, "Tunable negative permeability in an isotropic dielectric composite," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 92, 051106, 2008.
doi:10.1063/1.2841811 Google Scholar

47. He, G. H., R. X. Wu, Y. Poo, and P. Chen, "Magnetically tunable double-negative material composed of ferrite-dielectric and metallic mesh," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 107, 093522, 2010.
doi:10.1063/1.3359718 Google Scholar

48. Zhang, F. L., L. Kang, Q. Zhao, J. Zhou, X. P. Zhao, and D. Lippens, "Magnetically tunable left handed metamaterials by liquid crystal orientation," Opt. Express, Vol. 17, No. 6, 4360-4366, 2009.
doi:10.1364/OE.17.004360 Google Scholar

49. Degiron, A., J. J. Mock, and D. R. Smith, "Modulating and tuning the response of metamaterials at the unit cell level," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1115-1127, 2007.
doi:10.1364/OE.15.001115 Google Scholar

50. Shen, N. H., M. Massaouti, M. Gokkavas, J. M. Manceau, E. Ozbay, M. Kafesaki, T. Koschny, S. Tzortzakis, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Optically implemented broadband blueshift switch in the terahertz regime," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 106, 037403, 2011.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.037403 Google Scholar

51. Lim, S., C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission-line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable radiation angle and beamwidth," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 53, No. 1, 161-173, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.856086 Google Scholar

52. Gil, I., J. Bonache, J. Garcia-Garcia, and F. Martin, "Tunable metamaterial transmission lines based on varactor-loaded split-ring resonators," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, No. 6, 2665-2674, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2006.872949 Google Scholar

53. Choi, J. and C. Seo, "Broadband VCO using electronically controlled metamaterial transmission line based on varactor-loaded split-ring resonator," Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett., Vol. 50, No. 4, 1078-1082, 2008.
doi:10.1002/mop.23305 Google Scholar

54. Kapitanova1, P., D. Kholodnyak, and I. Vendik, "Tuneable lumped-element directional coupler using metamaterial transmislumped-element directional coupler using metamaterial transmission lines," Proc. of the 39th European Microwave Conference, Rome, Italy, September 2009.

55. Ourir, A., R. Abdeddaim, and J. de Rosny, "Tunable trapped mode in symmetric resonator designed for metamaterials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 101, 115-123, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER09120709 Google Scholar

56. Kozyrev, A. B., H. Kim, A. Karbassi, and D. W. Van Der Weide, "Wave propagation in nonlinear left-handed transmission line media," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 87, 121109, 2005.
doi:10.1063/1.2056581 Google Scholar

57. Powell, D. A., I. V. Shadrivov, and Y. S. Kivshar, "Asymmetric parametric amplification in nonlinear left-handed transmission lines," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 94, 084105, 2009.
doi:10.1063/1.3089842 Google Scholar

58. Kozyrev, A. B. and D. W. Van Der Weide, "Pulse formation in nonlinear left-handed transmission line media," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 96, 104106, 2010.
doi:10.1063/1.3355548 Google Scholar

59. Wang, Z. B., Y. J. Feng, B. Zhu, J. M. Zhao, and T. Jiang, "Dark schrodinger solitons and harmonic generation in left-handed nonlinear transmission line," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 107, 094907, 2010.
doi:10.1063/1.3418556 Google Scholar

Dr. Tuanhui Feng

Prof. Yunhui Li

Dr. Haitao Jiang

Dr. Wenxin Li

Dr. Fei Yang

Dr. Xinping Dong

Dr. Hong Chen