volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Since its introduction in 1994 direct conversion six-port receivers have attracted a considerable attention at microwave frequencies, with most recent work focusing on the so called six-port receivers with analog $I/Q$ generation. Besides its applications at microwave frequencies, six-port receivers with I/Q regeneration play a crucial role in the optical communications field, as they are the most promising candidates for optical coherent receivers that are being developed for 100 Gigabit Ethernet transceivers. In this paper we analytically model the influence of six-port junction hardware impairments on receiver performance. New analytical expressions are developed which give geometrical interpretation of signal constellation distortion due to hardware impairments and allow for the definition of several interesting figures of merit. Closed formulas are also proposed to analytically calculate BER degradation, under AWGN conditions, from these figures of merit. Finally, the proposed formulas are validated by means of simulation, and it is shown that they can be of practical interest to set the specifications of the six-port junction components.

1. Li, R., R. G. Bosisio, and K. Wu, "A six-port digital millimeter wave receiver," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 1994. Google Scholar

2. Tatu, S. O., E. Moldovan, K. Wu, and R. G. Bosisio, "A new direct millimeter-wave six-port receiver," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2517-2522, Dec. 2001. Google Scholar

3. Mallat, K., E. Moldovan, and S. O. Tatu, "Comparative demodulation results for six-port and conventional 60 GHz direct conversion receivers," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 437-449, 2008. Google Scholar

4. Perez-Dueñas, J., J. G. Wangümert-Pérez, I. Molina, and I. Molina-Fernández, "Novel modulation scheme and six-port based rake receiver for DS-UWB," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 8, No. 7, 3628-3633, Jul. 2009. Google Scholar

5. Seimetz, M. and C.-M. Weinert, "Options, feasibility, and availability of 2 × 4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1317-1322, Mar. 2006. Google Scholar

6. Kunkel, R., H.-G. Bach, D. Hoffmann, C. M. Weinert, I. Molina-Fernandez, and R. Halir, "First monolithic InP-based 90°- hybrid OEIC comprising balanced detectors for 100GE coherent frontends," IEEE International Conference on Indium Phosphide & Related Materials, May 2009. Google Scholar

7. "Implementation Agreement for Integrated Dual Polarization Intradyne Coherent Receivers," Optical Internetworking Forum, Apr. 2010. Available: http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF DPC RX-01.0.pdf. Google Scholar

8. Pérez-Lara, P., I. Molina-Fernández, and J. G. Wangümert-Pérez, "Effects of hardware imperfection on six-port direct digital receivers calibrated with three and four signal standards," IEE Proceedings Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 153, No. 2, 171-176, Apr. 2006. Google Scholar

9. Henstschel, T., "The six-port as a communications receiver," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1039-1047, Mar. 2005. Google Scholar

10. Winter, S. M., H. J. Ehm, A. Koelpin, and R. Weigel, "Analysis of system parameters of a six-port communications receiver with analog I/Q regeneration," International Sympodium on Signal, Systems and Electronics, 375-378, Jul. 2007. Google Scholar

11. Winter, S. M., H. J. Ehm, A. Koelpin, and R. Weigel, "Diode power detector dc operating point in six-port communications receivers," Proceedings of the 37th European Microwave Conference, 795-798, Oct. 2007.

12. Engen, G. F., "The six-port reflectometer: An alternative network analyzer," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1075-1079, Dec. 1977. Google Scholar

13. Mailand, M., R. Richter, and H.-J. Jentschel, "Nonlinearity analysis of power detectors in direct conversion receivers utilizing six-port technology," International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, 123-126, Sep. 2005. Google Scholar

14. McKinley, M. D., K. A. Remley, M. Myslinski, J. S. Kenney, D. Schreurs, and B. Nauwelaers, "EVM calculation for broadband modulated signals," Proceedings of the 64th ARFTG Conference, 45-52, Dec. 2004.

15. Proakis, J. G., Digital Communications, 4th Ed., MacGraw-Hill, Aug. 2000.

16. Jeruchim, M. C., P. Balaban, and K. S. Shanmugan, Simulation of Communication Systems Modelling Methodology, and Techniques, 2nd Ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000.

Dr. Alvaro Moscoso-Martir

Dr. Inigo Molina-Fernandez

Dr. Alejandro Ortega-Monux