volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A RF directional modulation technique using a switched antenna array is proposed for communication and direction-finding applications. The main idea is that a baseband modulation signal is transmitted by the switched antenna array. The phase center of the transmit signal is moved by the feeding line of each element from the left to the right. In this way, the data information and Doppler frequency shift information are modulated into a transmit signal constellation simultaneously. Therefore, this constellation is a scrambled constellation compared with traditional baseband modulation signal, which varies with the azimuth angle information of the receiver. For the receiver with a single antenna, a differential correlation algorithm is employed to demodulate the data information, and an azimuth angle estimation algorithm is also developed to extract the azimuth angle information from this scrambled constellation. Simulation results show that this RF directional modulation technique offers a comprehensive scheme for communication and direction-finding from the point view of RF modulation technique.

1. Daly, M. P. and J. T. Bernhard, Directional modulation technique for phased arrays, Vol. 57, No. 9, 2633-2640, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009.

2. Daly, M. P., E. L. Daly, and J. T. Bernhard, "Demonstration of directional modulation using a phased array," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 5, 1545-1550, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2044357 Google Scholar

3. Daly, M. P. and J. T. Bernhard, "Beamsteering in pattern reconfigurable arrays using directional modulation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 7, 2259-2265, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2046854 Google Scholar

4. Babakhani, A., D. B. Rutledge, and A. Hajimiri, "Transmitter architectures based on near-field direct antenna modulation," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 43, No. 12, 2674-2692, 2008.
doi:10.1109/JSSC.2008.2004864 Google Scholar

5. Hong, T., M.-Z. Song, and Y. Liu, "RF directional modulation technique using a switched antenna array for physical layer secure communication applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 116, 363-379, 2011. Google Scholar

6. Song, M. Z. and T. Hong, "Microwave space modulation carrying azimuth and elevation transmitted by monopulse antenna," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22, No. 2--3, 277-289, 2008.
doi:10.1163/156939308784160686 Google Scholar

7. Hong, T., M.-Z. Song, and X.-Y. Sun, "Design of a sparse antenna array for communication and direction finding applications based on the chinese remainder theorem," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 119-136, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09091703 Google Scholar

8. Jacobs, E. W., D. W. Fogliatti, H. Nguyen, D. J. Albares, C. T. Chang, and C. K. Sun, "Photo-injection p-i-n diode switch for high-power RF switching," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, No. 2, 413-419, 2002.
doi:10.1109/22.982217 Google Scholar

9. Chou, H. T., K. L. Hung, and C. Y. Chen, "Utilization of a Yagi antenna director array to synthesize a shaped radiation pattern for optimum coverage in wireless communications," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 7, 851-861, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309788355298 Google Scholar

10. Kazemi, S., F. Keshmiri, and H. R. Hassani, "Amplitude distribution synthesize of unequally spaced arrays," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 8--9, 987-997, 2009. Google Scholar

11. He, Q.-Q., H.-D. He, and H. Lan, "An efficient pattern synthesis method for cylindrical phased array antennas," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 4, 473-482, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309787612329 Google Scholar

12. Lim, S.-H., J.-H. Han, S.-Y. Kim, and N.-H. Myung, "Azimuth beam pattern synthesis for airborne SAR system optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 106, 295-309, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10061901 Google Scholar

13. Shanks, H. E. and R. W. Bickmore, "Four-dimensional electromagnetic radiators," Canad. J. Phys., Vol. 37, 263-275, Mar. 1959.
doi:10.1139/p59-031 Google Scholar

14. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, and P. K. Tan, "A new technique for power-pattern synthesis in time-modulated linear arrays," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 2, 285-287, 2003.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2003.821556 Google Scholar

15. Aksoy, E. and E. Afacan, "Thinned nonuniform amplitude time-modulated linear arrays," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 9, 514-517, 2010.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2010.2051312 Google Scholar

16. Pal, S., S. Das, and A. Basak, "Design of time-modulated linear arrays with a multi-objective optimization approach," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 23, 83-107, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10052401 Google Scholar

17. Poli, L., P. Rocca, L. Manica, and A. Massa, "Pattern synthesis in time-modulated linear arrays through pulse shifting," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 4, No. 9, 1157-1164, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2009.0042 Google Scholar

18. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, A. Qing, and P. K. Tan, "Design of a uniform amplitude time modulated linear array with optimized time sequences," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 7, 2337-2339, Jul. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.850765 Google Scholar

19. Li, G., S. Yang, M. Huang, and Z. Nie, "Sidelobe suppression in time modulated linear arrays with unequal element spacing," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5--6, 775-783, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791036368 Google Scholar

20. Yang, S., Y. Chen, and Z.-P. Nie, "Simulation of time modulated linear antenna arrays using the FDTD method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 175-190, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09092507 Google Scholar

21. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, and P. K. Tan, "Linear antenna arrays with bidirectional phase center motion," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 5, 1829-1835, May 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.846754 Google Scholar

22. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, and A. Qing, "Moving phase center antenna arrays with optimized static excitations," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 38, No. 1, 83-85, Jul. 2003.
doi:10.1002/mop.10977 Google Scholar

23. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, and P. K. Tan, "Comparative study of low sidelobe time modulated linear arrays with different time schemes," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 18, No. 11, 1443-1458, 2004.
doi:10.1163/1569393042954910 Google Scholar

24. Li, G., S. Yang, and Z. Nie, "A study on the application of time modulated antenna arrays to airborne pulsed Doppler radar," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 5, 1578-1582, May 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2016788 Google Scholar

25. Li, G., S. Yang, and Z. Nie, "Direction of arrival estimation in time modulated linear arrays with unidirectional phase center motion," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1105-1111, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2041313 Google Scholar

26. Fondevila, J., J. C. Brégains, F. Ares, and E. Moreno, "Application of time modulation in the synthesis of sum and difference patterns by using linear arrays," Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett., Vol. 48, No. 5, 829-832, May 2006.
doi:10.1002/mop.21489 Google Scholar

27. Rocca, P., L. Manica, L. Poli, and A. Massa, "Synthesis of compromise sum-difference arrays through time-modulation," IET Radar Sonar Navig., Vol. 3, No. 6, 630-637, Nov. 2009.
doi:10.1049/iet-rsn.2009.0058 Google Scholar

28. Fredrick, J. D., Y. X. Wang, S.-S. Jeon, and T. Itoh, "A Smart antenna receiver array using a single RF channel and digital beamforming," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 1, 311-314, 2002. Google Scholar

29. Bregains, J. C., J. Fondevila-Gomez, G. Franceschetti, and F. Ares, "Signal radiation and power losses of time-modulated arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 6, 1799-1804, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.923345 Google Scholar

30. Yang, S., Y. B. Gan, and A. Qing, "Sideband suppression in time-modulated linear arrays by the differential evolution algorithm," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 1, 173-175, 2002.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2002.807789 Google Scholar

31. Tong, Y. Z. and A. Tennant, "Reduced sideband levels in time-modulated arrays using half-power sub-arraying techniques," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 1, 301-303, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2090484 Google Scholar

32. Poli, L., P. Rocca, L. Manica, and A. Massa, "Time modulated planar arrays --- Analysis and optimisation of the sideband radiations," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 4, No. 9, 1165-1171, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2009.0379 Google Scholar

33. Rocca, P., L. Poli, G. Oliveri, and A. Massa, "Synthesis of time-modulated planar array with controlled harmonic radiations," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5--6, 827-838, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791036304 Google Scholar

34. Poli, L., P. Rocca, L. Manica, and A. Massa, "Handling sideband radiations in time-modulated arrays through particle swarm optimization," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1408-1411, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2041165 Google Scholar

35. Tennant, A., "Experimental two-element time-modulation direction finding array," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 3, 986-988, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2039301 Google Scholar

36. Tennant, A. and B. Chambers, "A two-element time-modulated array with direction-finding properties," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 6, 64-65, 2007.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2007.891953 Google Scholar

37. Li, G., S. Yang, Y. Chen, and Z.-P. Nie, "A novel electronic beam steering technique in time modulated antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 97, 391-405, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09072602 Google Scholar

38. Tong, Y. and A. Tennant, "Simultaneous control of sidelobe level and harmonic beam steering in time-modulated linear arrays," Electron. Lett., Vol. 46, No. 3, Feb. 2010.
doi:10.1049/el.2010.0111 Google Scholar

39. Poli, L., P. Rocca, G. Oliveri, and A. Massa, "Harmonic beam-forming in time-modulated linear arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2538-2545, Jul. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2152323 Google Scholar

40. Dimousios, T. D., C. D. Nikolopoulos, S. A. Mitilineos, and C. N. Capsalis, "A new low-profile and cost SPA-PIFA for mobile 2.4 GHz ISM applications," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 7, 881-891, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791285272 Google Scholar

41. Viani, F., L. Lizzi, M. Donelli, D. Pregnolato, G. Oliveri, and A. Massa, "Exploitation of parasitic smart antennas in wireless sensor networks," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 7, 993-1003, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791285227 Google Scholar

42. Soltani, S., M.-N. Azarmanesh, E. Valikhanloo, and P. Lotfi, "Design of a simple single-feed dual-orthogonal-linearly-polarized slot antenna for concurrent 3.5 GHz WIMAX and 5 GHz WLAN access point," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 13, 1741-1750, 2010. Google Scholar

Dr. Tao Hong

Prof. Maozhong Song

Dr. Yu Liu