volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

With the advent of magnetic gears, researchers have developed a new breed of permanent-magnet machines. These magnetic-geared permanent-magnet machines artfully incorporate the concept of magnetic gearing into the permanent-magnet machines, leading to achieve low-speed high-torque direct-drive operation. In this paper, a quantitative comparison of three viable magnetic-geared permanent-magnet machines is firstly performed, hence revealing their key features, merits, demerits and applications. Initially, the development of the magnetic gears, including the converted topologies and field-modulated topologies, is reviewed. Then, three viable magnetic-geared permanent-magnet machines are identified and discussed. Consequently, the corresponding performances are analyzed and quantitatively compared. The results and discussions form an important foundation for research in low-speed high-torque direct-drive systems.

1. Hesmondhalgh, D. E. and D. Tipping, "A multielement magnetic gear," IEE Proceedings, Vol. 127, No. 3, 129-138, 1980. Google Scholar

2. Tsurumoto, K. and S. Kikuchi, "A new magnetic gear using permanent magnet," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 23, No. 5, 3622-3624, 1987.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.1987.1065208 Google Scholar

3. Neuland, A. H., Apparatus for transmitting power, U.S. Patent 1 171 351, 1916.

4. Faus, H. T., "Magnet gearing," U.S. Patent 2 243 555, 1941. Google Scholar

5. Atallah, K. and D. Howe, "A novel high-performance magnetic gear," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2844-2846, 2001.
doi:10.1109/20.951324 Google Scholar

6. Atallah, K., S. D. Calverley, and D. Howe, "Design, analysis and realization of a high-performance magnetic gear," IEE Proc. --- Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 151, No. 2, 135-143, 2004.

7. Jian, L., K. T. Chau, Y. Gong, J. Z. Jiang, C. Yu, and W. Li, "Comparison of coaxial magnetic gears with different topologies," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 10, 4526-4529, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2021662 Google Scholar

8. Jian, L. and K. T. Chau, "A coaxial magnetic gear with Halbach permanent-magnet arrays," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 25, No. 2, 319-328, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TEC.2010.2046997 Google Scholar

9. Rasmussen, P. O., T. O. Andersen, F. T. Jorgensen, and O. Nielsen, "Development of a high-performance magnetic gear," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 3, 764-770, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TIA.2005.847319 Google Scholar

10. Liu, X., K. T. Chau, J. Z. Jiang, and C. Yu, "Design and analysis of interior-magnet outer-rotor concentric magnetic gears," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 105, 07F101-1-3, 2009. Google Scholar

11. Jian, L., G. Xu, J. Song, H. Xue, D. Zhao, and J. Liang, "Optimum design for improving modulating-effect of coaxial magnetic gear using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 116, 297-312, 2011. Google Scholar

12. Ge, Y.-J., C.-Y. Nie, and Q. Xin, "A three dimensional analytical calculation of the air-gap magnetic field and torque of coaxial magnetic gears," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 391-407, 2012. Google Scholar

13. Kikuchi, S. and K. Tsurumoto, "Design and characteristics of a new magnetic worm gear using permanent magnet," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 29, No. 6, 2923-2925, 1993.
doi:10.1109/20.280916 Google Scholar

14. Kikuchi, S. and K. Tsurumoto, "Trial construction of a new magnetic skew gear using permanent magnet," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 30, No. 6, 4767-4769, 1994.
doi:10.1109/20.334216 Google Scholar

15. Ikuta, K., S. Makita, and S. Arimoto, "Non-contact magnetic gear for micro transmission mechanism," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 125-130, Nara, Japan, 1991.

16. Yao, Y. D., D. R. Huang, C. M. Lee, S. J.Wang, D. Y. Chiang, and T. F. Ying, "Magnetic coupling studies between radial magnetic gears," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 5, 4236-4238, 1997.
doi:10.1109/20.619721 Google Scholar

17. Yao, Y. D., D. R. Huang, C. C. Hsieh, D. Y. Chiang, and S. J. Wang, "Simulation study of the magnetic coupling between radial magnetic gears ," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2203-2206, 1997.
doi:10.1109/20.582770 Google Scholar

18. Furlani, E. P., "A two-dimensional analysis for the coupling of magnetic gears," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2317-2321, 1997.
doi:10.1109/20.573848 Google Scholar

19. Jorgensen, F. T., T. O. Andersen, and P. O. Rasmussen, "Two dimensional model of a permanent magnet spur gear," Industry Applications Conference, 261-265, 2005.

20. Yao, Y. D., D. R. Huang, C. C. Hsieh, D. Y. Chiang, S. J. Wang, and T. F. Ying, "The radial magnetic coupling studies of perpendicular magnetic gears," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 5, 5061-5063, 1996.
doi:10.1109/20.539490 Google Scholar

21. Yonnet, J. P., "A new type of permanent magnet coupling," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2991-2993, 1981.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.1981.1061486 Google Scholar

22. Wang, R., E. P. Furlani, and Z. J. Cendes, "Design and analysis of a permanent magnet axial coupling using 3D finite element field computations," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2292-2295, 1994.
doi:10.1109/20.305733 Google Scholar

23. Yao, Y. D., G. J. Chiou, D. R. Huang, and S. J. Wang, "Theoretical computations for the torque of magnetic coupling," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1881-1884, 1995.
doi:10.1109/20.376405 Google Scholar

24. Furlani, E. P., "Formulas for the force and torque of axial couplings," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 29, No. 5, 2295-2301, 1993.
doi:10.1109/20.231636 Google Scholar

25. Hornreich, R. M. and S. Shtrikman, "Optimal design of synchronous torque couplers," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 14, No. 5, 800-802, 1978.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.1978.1060016 Google Scholar

26. Wu, W., H. C. Lovatt, and J. B. Dunlop, "Analysis and design optimization of magnetic couplings using 3D finite element modeling," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 5, 4083-4085, 1997.
doi:10.1109/20.619670 Google Scholar

27. Elies, P. and G. Lemarquand, "Analytical study of radial stability of permanent-magnet synchronous couplings," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2133-2136, 1999.
doi:10.1109/20.774183 Google Scholar

28. Huang, C. C., M. C. Tsai, D. G. Dorrell, and B. J. Lin, "Development of a magnetic planetary gearbox," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 44, No. 3, 403-412, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2007.914665 Google Scholar

29. Jian, L. and K. T. Chau, "Analytical calculation of magnetic field distribution in coaxial magnetic gears," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 92, 1-16, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09032301 Google Scholar

30. Atallah, K., J. Wang, and D. Howe, "A high-performance linear magnetic gear," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 97, 10N516-1-3, 2005. Google Scholar

31. Li, W. and K. T. Chau, "Analytical field calculation for linear tubular magnetic gears using equivalent anisotropic magnetic permeability," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 127, 155-171, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12030301 Google Scholar

32. Mezani, S., K. Atallah, and D. Howe, "A high-performance axial-field magnetic gear," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 99, 08R303-1-3, 2006. Google Scholar

33. Chau, K. T., W. Li, and C. H. T. Lee, "Challenges and opportunities of electric machines for renewable energy," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 42, 45-74, 2012. Google Scholar

34. Li, W., K. T. Chau, and J. Z. Jiang, "Application of linear magnetic gears for pseudo-direct-drive oceanic wave energy harvesting," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 10, 2624-2627, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2011.2146233 Google Scholar

35. Halbach, K., "Design of permanent multipole magnets with oriented rare earth cobalt material," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Vol. 169, 1-10, 1980.
doi:10.1016/0029-554X(80)90094-4 Google Scholar

36. Choi, J.-S. and J. Yoo, "Design of a Halbach magnet array based on optimization techniques," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 44, No. 10, 2361-2366, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2008.2001482 Google Scholar

37. Li, X., K. T. Chau, M. Cheng, W. Hua, and Y. Du, "An improved coaxial magnetic gear using flux focusing," International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, 1-4, Beijing, China, 2011.

38. Chau, K. T., D. Zhang, J. Z. Jiang, and L. Jian, "Transient analysis of coaxial magnetic gears using finite element comodeling," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, 07F101-1-3, 2008. Google Scholar

39. Liao, Y. F., F. Liang, and T. A. Lipo, "A novel permanent magnet motor with doubly salient structure," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 5, 1069-1078, 1995.
doi:10.1109/28.464521 Google Scholar

40. Zhu, Z. Q., Y. Pang, D. Howe, S. Iwasaki, R. Deodhar, and A. Pride, "Analysis of electromagnetic performance of flux-switching permanent-magnet machines by nonlinear adaptive lumped parameter magnetic circuit model," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 11, 4277-4287, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2005.854441 Google Scholar

41. Cheng, M., W. Hua, J. Zhang, and W. Zhao, "Overview of stator-permanent magnet brushless machines," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 58, No. 11, 5087-5101, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TIE.2011.2123853 Google Scholar

42. Touati, S., R. Ibtiouen, O. Touhami, and A. Djerdir, "Experimental investigation and optimization of permanent magnet motor based on coupling boundary element method with permeances Network," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 71-90, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER10092303 Google Scholar

43. Zhao, W., M. Cheng, R. Cao, and J. Ji, "Experimental comparison of remedial single-channel operations for redundant flux-switching permanent-magnet motor drive ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 123, 189-204, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11110405 Google Scholar

44. Jian, L., G. Xu, Y. Gong, J. Song, J. Liang, and M. Chang, "Electromagnetic design and analysis of a novel magnetic-gear-integrated wind power generator using time-stepping finite element method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 113, 351-367, 2011. Google Scholar

45. Jian, L. and K.-T. Chau, "Design and analysis of a magnetic-geared electronic-continuously variable transmission system using finite element method ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 107, 47-61, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10062806 Google Scholar

46. Chau, K. T., D. Zhang, J. Z. Jiang, C. Liu, and Y. Zhang, "Design of a magnetic-geared outer-rotor permanent magnet brushless motor for electric vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2504-2506, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2007.893714 Google Scholar

47. Jian, L., K. T. Chau, and J. Z. Jiang, "A magnetic-geared outer-rotor permanent-magnet brushless machine for wind power generation ," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 45, No. 3, 954-962, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TIA.2009.2018974 Google Scholar

48. Wang, L. L., J. X. Shen, P. C. K. Luk, W. Z. Fei, C. F. Wang, and H. Hao, "Development of a magnetic-geared permanent magnet brushless motor," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 10, 4578-4581, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2023071 Google Scholar

49. Fan, Y., H. Jiang, M. Cheng, and Y. Wang, "An improved magnetic-geared permanent magnet in-wheel motor for electric vehicles," IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Lille, France, 2010.

50. Toba, A. and T. A. Lipo, "Generic torque-maximizing design methodology of surface permanent-magnet vernier machine," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1539-1546, 2000.
doi:10.1109/28.887204 Google Scholar

51. Li, J., K. T. Chau, J. Z. Jiang, C. Liu, and W. Li, "A new efficient permanent-magnet vernier machine for wind power generation," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 6, 1475-1478, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2010.2044636 Google Scholar

52. Liu, C. and K.-T. Chau, "Electromagnetic design and analysis of double-rotor flux-modulated permanent-magnet machines," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 81-97, 2012. Google Scholar

53. Xu, G., L. Jian, W. Gong, and W. Zhao, "Quantitative comparison of flux-modulated interior permanent magnet machines with distributed windings and concentrated windings," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 109-123, 2012. Google Scholar

Dr. Xianglin Li

Prof. Kwok-Tong Chau

Professor Ming Cheng

Dr. Wei Hua