volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this work, reflectarray antennas are proposed for their use as probes in compact antenna test ranges. For that purpose, the quiet zone generated by a single oset reflectarray is enhanced, overcoming the limitation imposed by the amplitude taper of the feed antenna. First, the near field is characterized by a radiation model which computes the near eld of the reflectarray as far field contributions of each element, which are modeled as small rectangular apertures and thus taking into account the active element pattern. Then, a phase only synthesis is performed with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in order to improve the size of the generated quiet zone. Due to the nature of the application, this near eld synthesis takes into account both the amplitude and phase, making it a more challenging task than an amplitude-only synthesis. The optimization is focused on flattening the amplitude while trying to preserve the phase front generated by the reflectarray.

1. Huang, J. and J. A. Encinar, "Reflectarray Antennas," John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Google Scholar

2. Encinar, J. A., L. S. Datashvili, J. A. Zornoza, M. Arrebola, M. Sierra-Castaner, J. L. BesadaSanmartin, H. Baier, and H. Legay, "Dual-polarization dual-coverage re ectarray for space applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 10, 2827-2837, Oct. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.882172 Google Scholar

3. Encinar, J. A., M. Arrebola, L. F. de la Fuente, and G. Toso, "A transmit-receive reflectarray antenna for direct broadcast satellite applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 59, No. 9, 3255-3264, Sep. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2161449 Google Scholar

4. Legay, H., D. Bresciani, E. Labiole, R. Chiniard, and R. Gillard, "A multi facets composite panel re ectarray antenna for a space contoured beam antenna in Ku band," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 54, 1-26, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIERB13061407 Google Scholar

5. Capozzoli, A., C. Curcio, A. Liseno, and G. Toso, "Fast, phase-only synthesis of aperiodic re ectarrays using NUFFTs and CUDA," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 156, 83-103, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIER16021904 Google Scholar

6. Arrebola, M., J. A. Encinar, and M. Barba, "Multifed printed re ectarray with three simultaneous shaped beams for LMDS central station antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 6, 1518-1527, Jun. 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.923360 Google Scholar

7. Yu, J.-F., L. Chen, J. Yang, and X.-W. Shi, "An improved predesign procedure for shaped-beam reflectarrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 40, 119-127, 2014.
doi:10.2528/PIERM14090306 Google Scholar

8. Zornoza, J. A., R. Leberer, J. A. Encinar, and W. Menzel, "Folded multilayer microstrip reflectarray with shaped pattern," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 510-518, Feb. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.863101 Google Scholar

9. Rengarajan, S. R., "Reflectarrays of rectangular microstrip patches for dual-polarization dual-beam radar interferometers," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 1-15, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12091615 Google Scholar

10. Patyuchenko, A., C. Tienda, M. Younis, S. Bertl, P. Lopez-Dekker, and G. Krieger, "Digital beamforming SAR interferometer based on a multi-beam re ectarray antenna," Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), 1-4, Berlin, Germany, Jun. 3–5, 2014. Google Scholar

11. You, B.-Q., Y.-X. Liu, J.-H. Zhou, and H.-T. Chou, "Numerical synthesis of dual-band reflectarray antenna for optimum near-field radiation," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 11, 760-762, 2012. Google Scholar

12. Kamoda, H., T. Iwasaki, J. Tsumochi, T. Kuki, and O. Hashimoto, "60-GHz electronically reconfigurable large re ectarray using single-bit phase shifters," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 59, No. 7, 2524-2531, Jul. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2152338 Google Scholar

13. Hung, W.-T., J.-J. Tung, and S.-Y. Chen, "A focusing re ectarray and its application in microwave virus sanitizer," Radio Sci., Vol. 49, No. 10, 890-898, Oct. 2014.
doi:10.1002/2014RS005481 Google Scholar

14. Olver, A. D., "Compact antenna test ranges," Seventh International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP), 99-108, York, UK, Apr. 15–18, 1991. Google Scholar

15. Karttunen, A., J. Ala-Laurinaho, M. Vaaja, T. Koskinen, J. Hakli, A. Lonnqvist, J. Mallat, A. Tamminen, V. Viikari, and A. V. Raisanen, "Antenna tests with a hologram-based CATR at 650 GHz," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 57, No. 3, 711-720, Mar. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2013428 Google Scholar

16. Hu, W., M. Arrebola, R. Cahill, J. A. Encinar, V. Fusco, H. S. Gamble, Y. Alvarez, and F. Las-Heras, "94 GHz dual-reflector antenna with reflectarray subreflector," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 57, No. 10, 3043-3050, Oct. 2009. Google Scholar

17. Prado, D. R., M. Arrebola, M. R. Pino, and F. Las-Heras, "Evaluation of the quiet zone generated by a re ectarray antenna," International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 702-705, Cape Town, South Africa, Sep. 2–7, 2012. Google Scholar

18. Vaquero, A. F., D. R. Prado, M. Arrebola, M. R. Pino, and F. Las-Heras, "Near field synthesis of re ectarrays using intersection approach," 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 3644-3648, Paris, France, Mar. 19–24, 2017. Google Scholar

19. Vaquero, A. F., D. R. Prado, M. Arrebola, M. R. Pino, and F. Las-Heras, "Reflectarray probe optimization at millimeter frequencies," 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-5, Davos, Switzerland, Apr. 10–15, 2016. Google Scholar

20. Alvarez, J., R. G. Ayestaran, G. Leon, L. F. Herran, A. Arboleya, J. A. Lopez-Fernandez, and F. Las-Heras, "Near field multifocusing on antenna arrays via non-convex optimisation," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 8, No. 10, 754-764, Jul. 2014.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2013.0563 Google Scholar

21. Ismail, T. H., D. I. Abu-Al-Nadi, and M. J. Mismar, "Phase-only control for antenna pattern synthesis of linear arrays using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm," Electromagnetics, Vol. 24, No. 7, 555-564, 2004.
doi:10.1080/02726340490496707 Google Scholar

22. Nocedal, J. and S. J. Wright, Numerical Optimization, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2006.

23. Aghasi, A., H. Amindavar, E. L. Miller, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, "Flat-top footprint pattern synthesis through the design of arbitrary planar-shaped apertures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 8, 2539-2552, Aug. 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2050420 Google Scholar

24. Wen, Y., W. S. Gan, and J. Yang, "Nonlinear least-square solution to at-top pattern synthesis using arbitrary linear array," Signal Process., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1869-1874, Sep. 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2005.04.008 Google Scholar

25. Alvarez, J., R. G. Ayestaran, and F. Las-Heras, "Design of antenna arrays for near-field focusing requirements using optimisation," Electron. Lett., Vol. 48, No. 21, 1323-1325, Oct. 2012.
doi:10.1049/el.2012.2232 Google Scholar

26. Alvarez, J., M. Arrebola, R. G. Ayestaran, and F. Las-Heras, "Systematic framework for re ectarray synthesis based on phase optimization," Int. J. Antennas Propag., Vol. 2012, 1-9, Jun. 2012.
doi:10.1155/2012/474073 Google Scholar

27. Prado, D. R., J. Alvarez, M. Arrebola, M. R. Pino, R. G. Ayestaran, and F. Las-Heras, "Efficient, accurate and scalable re ectarray phase-only synthesis based on the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm," Appl. Comp. Electro. Society Journal, Vol. 30, No. 12, 1246-1255, Dec. 2015. Google Scholar

28. Encinar, J. A. and M. Barba, "Design manufacture and test of Ka-band reflectarray antenna for trasmitting and receiving in orthogonal polarization," 14th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, 1-4, Ottawa, Canada, Jul. 5–8, 2010. Google Scholar

29. Arboleya, A., Y. Alvarez, and F. Las-Heras, "Millimeter and submillimeter planar measurement setup," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 1-2, Orlando, Florida, USA, Jul. 7–13, 2013. Google Scholar

30. Rahmat-Samii, Y., L. I. Williams, and R. G. Yaccarino, "The UCLA bi-polar planar-near-field antenna-measurement and diagnostics range," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., Vol. 37, No. 6, 16-35, Dec. 1995.
doi:10.1109/74.482029 Google Scholar

31. Rocca, P. and A. F. Morabito, "Optimal synthesis of reconfigurable planar arrays with simplified architectures for monopulse radar applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 63, No. 3, 1048-1058, Mar. 2015.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2386359 Google Scholar

32. Chakraborty, A., B. N. Das, and G. S. Sanyal, "Beam shaping using nonlinear phase distribution in a uniformly spaced array," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 30, No. 5, 1031-1034, Sep. 1982.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1982.1142917 Google Scholar

Dr. Daniel Rodriguez Prado

Mr. Alvaro F. Vaquero

Dr. Manuel Arrebola

Dr. Marcos R. Pino

Dr. Fernando Las-Heras