volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Current microwave hyperthermia applicators are not well suited for uniform heating of large tissue regions. The objective of this research is to identify an optimal microwave antenna array for clinical use in hyperthermia treatment of cancer. For this aim we present a novel 434 MHz applicator design based on a metamaterial zeroth order mode resonator, which is used to build larger array configurations. These applicators are designed to effectively heat large areas extending deep below the body surface and in this work they are characterized with numerical simulations in ahomogenous muscle tissue model. Their performance is evaluated using three metrics: radiation pattern-based Effective Field Size (EFS), temperature distribution-based Therapeutic Thermal Area (TTA), and Therapeutic Thermal Volume (TTV) reaching 41-45°C. For 2×2 and 2×3 array configurations, the EFS reaching > 25% of maximum SAR in the 3.5 cm deep plane is 100% and 91% of the array aperture area, respectively. The corresponding TTA for these arrays is 95% and 86%, respectively; and the TTV attaining > 41°C is over 85% of the aperture area toa depth of over 3 cm in muscle, using either array configuration. With theoretical heating performance exceeding that of existing applicators, these new metamaterial zero order resonator arrays show promise for future applications in large area superficial hyperthermia.

1. Caloz, C. and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The Engineering Approach, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

2. Cihoric, N., A. Tsikkinis, G. van Rhoon, H. Crezee, D. M. Aebersold, S. Bodis, M. Beck, J. Nadobny, V. Budach, P. Wust, and P. Ghadjar, "Hyperthermia-related clinical trials on cancer treatment within the Clinical Trials. gov registry," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 31, No. 6, 609-614, May 2015.
doi:10.3109/02656736.2015.1040471 Google Scholar

3. Dewhirst, M. W., Z. Vujaskovic, E. Jones, and D. Thrallv, "Re-setting the biologic rationale for thermal therapy," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 21, No. 8, 779-790, Dec. 2005.
doi:10.1080/02656730500271668 Google Scholar

4. Sneed, P. K., P. R. Stauffer, G. Li, X. Sun, and R. Myerson, "Hyperthermia," Textbook of Radiation Oncology, 3rd Edition, T. Phillips, R. Hoppe, and M. Roach, eds., 1564-1593, Elsevier Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 2010. Google Scholar

5. Paulides, M. M., P. R. Stauffer, E. Neufeld, P. F. Maccarini, A. Kyriakou, R. A. Canters, C. J. Diederich, J. F. Bakker, and G. C. van Rhoon, "Simulation techniques in hyperthermia treatment planning," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 29, No. 4, 346-357, Jun. 2013.
doi:10.3109/02656736.2013.790092 Google Scholar

6. Veselago, V., "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ," Sov. Phys. Usp., Vol. 10, No. 4, 509-514, 1968 (Russian text 1967).
doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699 Google Scholar

7. Shelby, R. A., D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Experimental verication of a negative index of refraction," Science, Vol. 292, No. 5514, 77-79, Apr. 6, 2001.
doi:10.1126/science.1058847 Google Scholar

8. Vrba, D. and M. Polivka, "Radiation efficiency improvement of zeroth-order resonator antenna," Radioengineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1-8, Apr. 2009. Google Scholar

9. Polivka, M. and D. Vrba, "Shielded micro-coplanar CRLH TL zeroth-order resonator antenna: Critical performance evaluation," Radioengineering, Vol. 18, No. 4, 368-372, Dec. 2009. Google Scholar

10. Wang, G. and Y. Gong, "Metamaterial lens applicator for microwave hyperthermia of breast cancer," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 25, No. 6, 434-445, 2009.
doi:10.1080/02656730903061609 Google Scholar

11. Leggio, L., O. de Varona, and E. Dadrasnia, "Comparison between different schemes of microwave cancer hyperthermia treatment by means of left-handed metamaterial lenses," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 150, 73-87, 2015.
doi:10.2528/PIER14101408 Google Scholar

12. Vrba, D. and J. Vrba, "Novel applicators for local microwave hyperthermia based on zeroth-order mode resonator metamaterial," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2014, 1-7, 2014.
doi:10.1155/2014/631398 Google Scholar

13. Lee, E. R., T. R. Wilsey, P. Tarczyhornoch, D. S. Kapp, P. Fessenden, A. Lohrbach, and S. D. Prionas, "Body conformable 915MHz microstrip array applicators for large surface-area hyperthermia," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 5, 470-483, May 1992.
doi:10.1109/10.135541 Google Scholar

14. Johnson, J. E., D. G. Neuman, P. F. Maccarini, T. Juang, P. R. Stauffer, and P. Turner, "Evaluation of a dual-arm Archimedean spiral array for microwave hyperthermia," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 22, No. 6, 475-490, Sep. 2006.
doi:10.1080/02656730600905595 Google Scholar

15. Rieke, V. and K. B. Pauly, "MR thermometry," Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 27, No. 2, 376-390, Feb. 2008.
doi:10.1002/jmri.21265 Google Scholar

16. Vrba, D., J. Vrba, and P. Stauffer, "Novel microwave applicators based on zero-order mode resonance for hyperthermia treatment of cancer," Proceedings of the IEEE BenMAS 2014, 107-109, Sep. 2014. Google Scholar

17. Ellison, W. J., "Permittivity of pure water, at standard atmospheric pressure, over the frequency range 0-25 THz and the temperature range 0-100 degrees C," Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1-18, Mar. 2007.
doi:10.1063/1.2360986 Google Scholar

18. Pennes, H. H., "Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 1, 93-122, 1948. Google Scholar

19. Hasgall, P. A., F. Di Gennaro, E. Neufeld, M. C. Gosselin, D. Payne, A. Klingenbock, and N. Kuster, IT'IS Database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues, Version 2.6, Jan. 13, 2015.

20. Van der Gaag, M. L., M. de Bruijne, T. Samaras, J. van der Zee, and G. C. van Rhoon, "Development of a guideline for the water bolus temperature in supercial hyperthermia," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 22, No. 8, 637-656, Dec. 2006.
doi:10.1080/02656730601074409 Google Scholar

21. Stauffer, P. R., P. Maccarini, K. Arunachalam, O. Craciunescu, C. Diederich, T. Juang, F. Rossetto, J. Schlorff, A. Milligan, J.Hsu, P. Sneed, and Z. Vujaskovic, "Conformal microwave array (CMA) applicators for hyperthermia of diffuse chest wall recurrence," International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 26, No. 7, 686-986, Oct. 2010.
doi:10.3109/02656736.2010.501511 Google Scholar

22. Sekins, K. M., J. F. Lehmann, P. Esselman, D. Dundore, A. F. Emery, B. J. Delateur, and W. B. Nelp, "Local muscle blood- ow and temperature responses to 915MHz diathermy as simultaneously measured and numerically predicted," Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 65, No. 1, 1-7, Jan. 1984. Google Scholar

23. Waterman, F. M., R. E. Nerlinger, D. J. Moylan, and D. B. Leeper, "Response of human tumor blood ow to local hyperthermia," International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 75-82, Jan. 1987.
doi:10.1016/0360-3016(87)90263-X Google Scholar

Dr. David Vrba

Prof. Dario Rodrigues

Prof. Paul R. Stauffer