volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

We present a detailed analytical and numerical study of cylindrical metasurfaces for enhanced scattering applications. Analytical expressions are derived for the surface impedances of single and double metasurface configurations, respectively, which are required to maximize scattering in the forward direction. A surface impedance model is developed for 1-D arrays of dielectric cylinders that is subsequently used to realize and implement numerically the required surface impedances. Our analytical and full-wave numerical results reveal that cylindrical all-dielectric metasurfaces may exhibit superior forward scattering and balanced higher-order mode excitation in comparison to traditional solid dielectric resonators. Two examples, both with silicon dielectric cylinder, have been chosen to showcase our results, and they were found to exhibit extraordinary directional scattering properties with the respective forward scattering efficiencies being 9 and 19 times that of a single mode resonator. The choice of silicon for the cylinder dielectrics highlights the potential of the proposed configuration in optical communications, although the presented theory applies across the other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

1. Zografopoulos, Dimitrios C. and Odysseas Tsilipakos, "Recent advances in strongly resonant and gradient all-dielectric metasurfaces," Materials Advances, Vol. 4, No. 1, 11-34, 2023.
doi:10.1039/d2ma00910b

2. Jacobsen, Rasmus E., Samel Arslanagić, and Andrei V. Lavrinenko, "Water-based devices for advanced control of electromagnetic waves," Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 8, No. 4, 041304, 2021.
doi:10.1063/5.0061648

3. Zahra, Sidrish, Liang Ma, Wenjiao Wang, Jian Li, Dexu Chen, Yifeng Liu, Yuedan Zhou, Na Li, Yongjun Huang, and Guangjun Wen, "Electromagnetic metasurfaces and reconfigurable metasurfaces: A review," Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 8, 593411, 2021.
doi:10.3389/fphy.2020.593411

4. Glybovski, Stanislav B., Sergei A. Tretyakov, Pavel A. Belov, Yuri S. Kivshar, and Constantin R. Simovski, "Metasurfaces: From microwaves to visible," Physics Reports, Vol. 634, 1-72, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.04.004

5. Overvig, Adam and Andrea Alù, "Diffractive nonlocal metasurfaces," Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2100633, 2022.
doi:10.1002/lpor.202100633

6. Grbic, Anthony and Stefano Maci, "EM metasurfaces [Guest Editorial]," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 16-22, 2022.
doi:10.1109/map.2022.3178924

7. Jahani, Saman and Zubin Jacob, "All-dielectric metamaterials," Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 11, No. 1, 23-36, 2016.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.304

8. Jacobsen, Rasmus E., Andrei V. Lavrinenko, and Samel Arslanagić, "Reconfigurable dielectric resonators with imbedded impedance surfaces --- From enhanced and directional to suppressed scattering," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 122, No. 8, 081701, 2023.
doi:10.1063/5.0139695

9. Qian, Chao, Xiao Lin, Yi Yang, Xiaoyan Xiong, Huaping Wang, Erping Li, Ido Kaminer, Baile Zhang, and Hongsheng Chen, "Experimental observation of superscattering," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, No. 6, 063901, 2019.
doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.063901

10. Alù, Andrea, "Mantle cloak: Invisibility induced by a surface," Physical Review B --- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Vol. 80, No. 24, 245115, 2009.
doi:10.1103/physrevb.80.245115

11. Monti, Alessio, Jason C. Soric, Andrea Alù, Alessandro Toscano, and Filiberto Bilotti, "Anisotropic mantle cloaks for TM and TE scattering reduction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 4, 1775-1788, 2015.
doi:10.1109/tap.2015.2396532

12. Younesiraad, Hemn, Zahra Hamzavi-Zarghani, and Ladislau Matekovits, "Invisibility utilizing Huygens' metasurface based on mantle cloak and scattering suppression phenomen," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 8, 5181-5186, 2021.
doi:10.1109/tap.2021.3060022

13. Monti, Alessio, Filiberto Bilotti, and Alessandro Toscano, "Optical cloaking of cylindrical objects by using covers made of core-shell nanoparticles," Optics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 23, 4479-4481, 2011.
doi:10.1364/ol.36.004479

14. Padooru, Yashwanth R., Alexander B. Yakovlev, Pai-Yen Chen, and Andrea Alù, "Analytical modeling of conformal mantle cloaks for cylindrical objects using sub-wavelength printed and slotted arrays," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 112, No. 3, 034907, 2012.
doi:10.1063/1.4745888

15. Jacobsen, Rasmus E. and Samel Arslanagić, "Extreme localization of fields in open cylindrical impedance surface cavities," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 2, 1686-1693, 2024.
doi:10.1109/tap.2024.3349783

16. Lin, Chun-Wen and Anthony Grbic, "A realistic coaxial feed for cascaded cylindrical metasurfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 11, 2624-2628, 2023.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2023.3295753

17. Lin, Chun-Wen and Anthony Grbic, "Analysis and synthesis of cascaded cylindrical metasurfaces using a wave matrix approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 10, 6546-6559, 2021.
doi:10.1109/tap.2021.3070084

18. Dugan, Jordan, João G. Nizer Rahmeier, Tom J. Smy, and Shulabh Gupta, "Field scattering analysis of cylindrical spatially dispersive metasurfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 11, 2619-2623, 2023.
doi:10.36227/techrxiv.22350994.v1

19. Lin, Chun-Wen and Anthony Grbic, "Field synthesis with azimuthally varying, cascaded, cylindrical metasurfaces using a wave matrix approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 1, 796-808, 2023.
doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3221626

20. Sipus, Zvonimir, Marko Bosiljevac, and Anthony Grbic, "Modelling cascaded cylindrical metasurfaces using sheet impedances and a transmission matrix formulation," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1041-1047, 2018.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0465

21. Šipuš, Zvonimir, Dominik Barbarić, and Marko Bosiljevac, "Design of cascaded cylindrical metasurfaces using resonance cancellation method," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 12, 2841-2845, 2023.
doi:10.1109/lawp.2023.3300979

22. Brugnolo, P., S. Arslanagić, and R. E. Jacobsen, "Bound states in the continuum in cylindrical all-dielectric metasurface cavities," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 134, No. 9, 092902, 2025.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.096902

23. Arslanagić, Samel and Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Highly subwavelength, superdirective cylindrical nanoantenna," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, No. 23, 237401, 2018.
doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.237401

24. Ziolkowski, Richard W., "Using Huygens multipole arrays to realize unidirectional needle-like radiation," Physical Review X, Vol. 7, No. 3, 031017, 2017.
doi:10.1103/physrevx.7.031017

25. Alaee, R., R. Filter, D. Lehr, F. Lederer, and C. Rockstuhl, "A generalized Kerker condition for highly directive nanoantennas," Optics Letters, Vol. 40, No. 11, 2645-2648, 2015.
doi:10.1364/ol.40.002645

26. Jacobsen, Rasmus E., Andrei V. Lavrinenko, and Samel Arslanagić, "A water-based Huygens dielectric resonator antenna," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 1, 493-499, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ojap.2020.3021802

27. Rahimzadegan, Aso, Dennis Arslan, David Dams, Achim Groner, Xavi Garcia-Santiago, Rasoul Alaee, Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton, Thomas Pertsch, Isabelle Staude, and Carsten Rockstuhl, "Beyond dipolar Huygens' metasurfaces for full-phase coverage and unity transmittance," Nanophotonics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 75-82, 2020.
doi:10.1515/nanoph-2019-0239

28. Tang, Ming-Chun, Zhentian Wu, Ting Shi, and Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Dual-band, linearly polarized, electrically small Huygens dipole antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 67, No. 1, 37-47, 2019.
doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2874763

29. Shcherbinin, Vitalii I., Volodymyr I. Fesenko, Tetiana I. Tkachova, and Vladimir R. Tuz, "Superscattering from subwavelength corrugated cylinders," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 13, No. 2, 024081, 2020.
doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.024081

30. Sievenpiper, D. F., Artificial Impedance Surfaces for Antennas, 737-777, Modern Antenna Handbook, 2007.
doi:10.1002/9780470294154.ch15

31. Simovski, C. R., P. de Maagt, and I. V. Melchakova, "High-impedance surfaces having stable resonance with respect to polarization and incidence angle," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 3, 908-914, 2005.
doi:10.1109/tap.2004.842598

32. Luukkonen, Olli, Constantin Simovski, Gérard Granet, George Goussetis, Dmitri Lioubtchenko, Antti V. Raisanen, and Sergei A. Tretyakov, "Simple and accurate analytical model of planar grids and high-impedance surfaces comprising metal strips or patches," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 6, 1624-1632, 2008.
doi:10.1109/tap.2008.923327

33. Dragoman, Mircea, Martino Aldrigo, Adrian Dinescu, Daniela Dragoman, and Alessandra Costanzo, "Towards a terahertz direct receiver based on graphene up to 10 THz," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 115, No. 4, 044307, 2014.
doi:10.1063/1.4863305

34. Xiong, Han, Ming-Chun Tang, Yue-Hong Peng, Yuan-Hong Zhong, and Xiao-Heng Tan, "Surface impedance of metasurfaces/graphene hybrid structures," Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 14, 1-8, 2019.
doi:10.1186/s11671-019-2995-x

35. Fallahi, Arya and Julien Perruisseau-Carrier, "Design of tunable biperiodic graphene metasurfaces," Physical Review B --- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Vol. 86, No. 19, 195408, 2012.
doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.195408

36. Monti, Alessio, Shiva Hayati Raad, Zahra Atlasbaf, Alessandro Toscano, and Filiberto Bilotti, "Maximizing the forward scattering of dielectric nanoantennas through surface impedance coatings," Optics Letters, Vol. 47, No. 10, 2386-2389, 2022.
doi:10.1364/ol.456958

37. Monti, A., A. Alù, A. Toscano, and F. Bilotti, "Optical invisibility through metasurfaces made of plasmonic nanoparticles," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, No. 12, 123103, 2015.
doi:10.1063/1.4916257

38. Monti, Alessio, Andrea Alù, Alessandro Toscano, and Filiberto Bilotti, "Surface impedance modeling of all-dielectric metasurfaces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 3, 1799-1811, 2020.
doi:10.1109/tap.2019.2951521

39. Monti, Alessio, Andrea Alù, Alessandro Toscano, and Filiberto Bilotti, "Design of high-Q passband filters implemented through multipolar all-dielectric metasurfaces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 8, 5142-5147, 2021.
doi:10.1109/tap.2020.3045795

40. Jacobsen, Rasmus E., Andrei V. Lavrinenko, and Samel Arslanagić, "Scattering properties of high-permittivity dielectric resonators embedded with impedance sheets," 2022 3rd URSI Atlantic and Asia Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC), 1-4, Gran Canaria, Spain, 2022.
doi:10.23919/at-ap-rasc54737.2022.9814262

41. Tretyakov, S., Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics, Artech House, 2003.
doi:10.1088/2040-8986/aa7956

42. Noguez, Cecilia, "Surface plasmons on metal nanoparticles: The influence of shape and physical environment," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 111, No. 10, 3806-3819, 2007.
doi:10.1021/jp066539m

43. Bohren, C. F. and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, 1st Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New York, 1983.
doi:10.1002/9783527618156

44. Beneck, Ryan J., Lei Kang, Ronald P. Jenkins, Sawyer D. Campbell, and Douglas H. Werner, "Superscattering of electromagnetic waves from subwavelength dielectric structures," Optics Express, Vol. 32, No. 11, 19410-19423, 2024.
doi:10.1364/oe.519478

45. Chen, Wan, Bo Lv, Jiahui Fu, Tao Jiang, and Yibing Li, "Mode-based superdirective optimization strategy for multi-layered dielectric cylinder," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 5, 4510-4523, 2024.
doi:10.1109/tap.2024.3375986

Dr. Rasmus E. Jacobsen

Dr. Samel Arslanagic